| 1. |
Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering (4th Edition) / Bioartificial Organs. |
| 2. |
Yasuhiro Ikegami, Hiroyuki Ijima, Decellularization of Tissue and Whole Organs in Tissue Engineering -Decellularization of Nervous Tissues and Efforts for their Clinical Application-, Springer, pp.141-164
Ikegami Y., Ijima H. (2021) Decellularization of Nervous Tissues and Clinical Application. In: Kajbafzadeh AM. (eds) Decellularization Methods of Tissue and Whole Organ in Tissue Engineering. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1345. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82735-9_19, 2021.03. |
| 3. |
Yasuhiro Ikegami, Hiroyuki Ijima, Immobilization Strategies: Biomedical, Bioengineering and Environmental Applications -Strategies and advancement in growth factor immobilizable ECM for tissue engineering-, Springer, pp.141-164, 2021.01. |
| 4. |
Hiroshi Mizumoto, Nana Shirakigawa, Hiroyuki Ijima, Current Status and New Challenges of the Artificial Liver, Wiley, DOI:10.1002/9781119296034, 2018.02, The liver is the main metabolic organ in vivo. Therefore, severe liver dysfunction results in serious diseases with high mortality rates. Since Starzl et al. reported the first liver transplantation in a human in 1963, orthotropic liver transplantation has evolved by improving quality control, immune inhibition, and infection prevention of the donor’s liver. As the result, liver transplantation became the most effective treatment for severe liver failure in patients, causing many lives to be saved. According to data from 2016, the number of patients waiting for liver transplantation in the USA was 14 540 and 7841 patients received liver transplantation. However, 1240 patients died waiting for liver transplantation (United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). Available from: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view‐data‐reports/). In other words, donor shortage is a severe problem.
Therefore, an artificial liver (also called an artificial liver support system) can be expected to be a temporary substitute while a patient awaits transplantation. Furthermore, it has the potential to eliminate the need for liver transplantation by promoting liver regeneration and functional recovery. The necessary alternative function for treating liver failure is removal of toxins in blood. Based on this view point, the development of the artificial liver was considered to begin from Abel’s report in 1914. He performed dialysis with colloid membranes (Abel et al., 1914). However, practical development and many reports have been produced since the 1950s (Kiley et al., 1958), about a half century after the first report. Hemodialysis with
various types of membrane and hemoperfusion by using charcoal or synthetic resin has been carried out. These are classified as non‐biological (non‐bio) artificial livers. On the other hand, bioartificial livers (BAL) aim to compensate for the essential liver function by using biological components including whole livers or liver cells. The early clinical studies of BAL systems included cross‐hetero‐hemodialysis using xenogeneic animals or livers (Kimoto et al., 1959, Ozawa et al. 1982), extracorporeal liver perfusion (Eiseman et al., 1965, Sen et al., 1966), and an extracorporeal bioreactor with suspension hepatocytes (Matsumura et al., 1987). However, the outcome of these classical treatments was not satisfactory enough to save the patients’ lives.
Based on these backgrounds, the artificial liver has been developed and has become an effective treatment in clinical use. In this chapter, the current status and the future vision of non‐bio and bioartificial livers are reviewed. Furthermore, tissue‐ and organ‐engineered livers are introduced as a new stream of liver failure treatments. Finally, the future vision of liver failure treatment is summarized.. |
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Nana Shirakigawa, Hiroyuki Ijima, Decellularization of Liver and Organogenesis in Rats, Humana Press, 2017.08, Recently, organ construction has been attempted using decellularized organs. In this study, we used decellularized rat liver to construct liver tissue by recellularization. The right lobe of the rat liver was decellularized with 4% Triton X-100 solution, recellularized with 107 rat hepatocytes, and albumin synthesis in the recellularized right lobe was observed. Therefore, we introduce a method of decellularizing rat liver, which retains its fine vascular structure after removal of all the cells, perform organogenesis using the decellularized liver, and evaluate the structural and functional properties of the products.. |
| 6. |
Nana Shirakigawa, Hiroyuki Ijima, Decellularized Tissue Engineering / Advances in Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications (Editors) Anuj Tripathi, Jose Savio Melo, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_5, pp.185～226, 2017.03, Tissue Engineering consists of cells, a scaffold and cytokines. Decellularization represents the removal of cells from tissues or organs. Recently, decellularized tissue has been investigated as a scaffold for tissue engineering, termed decellularized tissue engineering. Importantly, the decellularized organ retains its original structure, which is then used as a template for organ construction. The decellularized organ also retains the tissue-specific extracellular matrix. Therefore, decellularized tissue can be used as a matrix to provide a suitable microenvironment for inoculated cells. Based on these concepts, the reconstruction of tissues/organs with decellularized tissue/organ has been attempted using decellularized tissue engineering. In this chapter, we introduce the typical methods used, history and attainment level for the reconstruction of specific tissues/organs. First, the different decellularized techniques and characteristics are introduced. Then, the commonly used analysis methods and cautionary points during decellularization and reconstruction with decellularized tissues/organs are explained. Next, the specific methods and characteristics of decellularized tissue engineering for specific tissues/organs are introduced. In these sections, the current conditions, problems and future work are explained. Finally, we conclude with a summary of this chapter.. |
