記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会  

DOI： 10.18940/vsj.2022.0_67

CiNii Research

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Extending the formulation of the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method to strain, rotation and tilt
SUMMARY

The spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method has been applied to ambient seismic noise measured by arrays of translational seismometers for inverting phase-velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh or Love waves for shallow S-wave velocity structure. Recently, it is becoming possible to observe wave spatial gradients such as strain, rotation and tilt owing to the development of dense seismic networks and improving measurement technologies. Therefore, it is desirable to extend the formulation of the SPAC method to strain, rotation and tilt. This study presents analytical expressions of cross-spectra and coherence of the strain, rotation and tilt components that are measured on the free surface. According to the results, both Rayleigh and Love waves contribute to most components of strains. The exceptions are the areal strain and the vertical axial strain (ezz) on the free surface that are affected by only Rayleigh waves. Only Rayleigh waves contribute to the tilts and rotations around the horizontal axes on the free surface, too. On the other hand, only Love waves contribute to the rotation around the vertical axis. Therefore, different kinds of wave spatial gradients are helpful to separate Rayleigh and Love waves correctly. For practical applications, the analytical expression for the radial axial strain (err) component will be applied directly to distributed acoustic sensing data measured with straight sections of a fibre-optic cable. On the other hand, dense observations of rotation and tilt may still be difficult to carry out at present. However, an application of analytical formulations in this study to arrays of at least several three-component rotational seismometers is attractive because it enables us to separately estimate the phase velocities of Rayleigh and Love waves.

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggab217

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Source location of volcanic earthquakes and subsurface characterization using fiber-optic cable and distributed acoustic sensing system
<title>Abstract</title>We present one of the first studies on source location determination for volcanic earthquakes and characterization of volcanic subsurfaces using data from a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system. Using the arrival time difference estimated from well-correlated waveforms and a dense spatial distribution of seismic amplitudes recorded along the fiber-optic cable, we determine the hypocenters of volcanic earthquakes recorded at Azuma volcano, Japan. The sources are located at a shallow depth beneath active volcanic areas with a range of approximately 1 km. Spatial distribution of the site amplification factors determined from coda waves of regional tectonic earthquakes are well correlated with old lava flow distributions and volcano topography. Since DAS observation can be performed remotely and buried fiber-optic cables are not damaged by volcanic ash or bombs during eruptions, this new observation system is suitable for monitoring of volcanoes without risk of system damage and for evaluating volcanic structures.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-85621-8

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Modelling high-frequency seismograms at ocean bottom seismometers: effects of heterogeneous structures on source parameter estimation for small offshore earthquakes and shallow low-frequency tremors
<title>SUMMARY</title>
The source characteristics of offshore seismic events, especially regular (or fast) and slow earthquakes, can provide key information on their source physics and frictional conditions at the plate boundary. Due to strong 3-D heterogeneities in offshore regions, such as those relating to sea water, accretionary prism and small-scale velocity heterogeneity, conventional methods using a 1-D earth model may mis-estimate source parameters such as the duration and radiation energy. Estimations could become severe inaccuracies for small offshore seismic events because high-frequency (&amp;gt;1 Hz) seismograms, which are strongly affected by 3-D heterogeneities, are only available for analysis because of their signal-to-noise ratio. To investigate the effects of offshore heterogeneities on source parameter estimation for small seismic events, we analysed both observed and simulated high-frequency seismograms southeast off the Kii Peninsula, Japan, in the Nankai subduction zone. Numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation using a 3-D velocity structure model clarified the effects of each heterogeneity. Comparisons between observations and model simulations demonstrated that the thick low-velocity accretionary prism has significant effects on high-frequency seismic wave propagation. Especially for shallow low-frequency tremors occurring at depths just below the accretionary prism toe, seismogram durations are significantly broader than an assumed source duration, even for stations with epicentral distances of approximately 10 km. Spindle-shape seismogram envelopes were observed even at such close stations. Our results suggest that incorporating 3-D heterogeneities is necessary for practical estimation of source parameters for small offshore events.

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggaa404

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

共著

DOI： 10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228184

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

3D Visualization of the Seismicity on the Mobile Device: Development of the “3D Quakes”

DOI： 10.4294/zisin.2018-14

記述言語：その他  

筆頭

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

共著

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggy319

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

筆頭

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggy298

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

共著

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggx318

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

筆頭

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Recently, coda-wave interferometry has been used to monitor temporal changes in subsurface structures. Seismic velocity changes have been detected by coda-wave interferometry in association with large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. To constrain the spatial extent of the velocity changes, spatial homogeneity is often assumed. However, it is important to locate the region of the velocity changes correctly to understand physical mechanisms causing them. In this paper, we are concerned with the sensitivity kernels relating travel times of coda waves to velocity changes. In previous studies, sensitivity kernels have been formulated for two-dimensional single scattering and multiple scattering, three-dimensional multiple scattering, and diffusion. In this paper, we formulate and derive analytical expressions of the sensitivity kernels for three-dimensional single-scattering case. These sensitivity kernels show two peaks at both source and receiver locations, which is similar to the previous studies using different scattering models. The two peaks are more pronounced for later lapse time. We validate our formulation by comparing it with finite-difference simulations of acoustic wave propagation. Our formulation enables us to evaluate the sensitivity kernels analytically, which is particularly useful for the analysis of body waves from deeper earthquakes.

DOI： 10.1007/s00024-016-1358-0

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

We analyze the cross-correlation function (CCF) of coda of earthquakes, which is used to retrieve the Green's function between two stations as well as the CCF of ambient noise. We select 74 Hi-net stations located in eastern Japan and 66 earthquakes to calculate the CCF. For each earthquake, we calculate the CCFs between possible pairs for the frequency bands of 0.1-0.2 Hz, 0.2-0.4 Hz and 0.4-0.8 Hz. Then we stack the CCFs for different earthquakes at each pair to obtain the average CCF. Although the correlation coefficients between the average and each CCFs are lower than 0.5 for most of the earthquakes, we obtain the propagating Rayleigh wave trace from average CCFs. We focus on the ratio of the amplitude in the positive lag time of the CCF to that in the negative lag time. CCFs for different earthquakes show different ratios which depend on the angle between the path of two stations and the epicentre. The amplitude in the lag time corresponding to the signal travelling from the near source station to the far source station is larger than that in the opposite lag time. Therefore the energy flux is not isotropic even in the coda and the energy from the source side is dominant. We average the ratios of pairs whose absolute values of angles are less than 45A degrees. The average ratios are 0.5 at 0.1-0.2 Hz. For higher frequencies, the ratio is not clear because of the bad signal-to-noise ratio. According to the diffusion model, the ratio is predicted as 0.6. Therefore, the coda is represented as the diffusion state in 0.1-0.2 Hz with our observation setting.

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggv081

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Volcanic eruptions are caused by the release of pressure that has accumulated due to hot volcanic fluids at depth. Here, we show that the extent of the regions affected by pressurized fluids can be imaged through the measurement of their response to transient stress perturbations. We used records of seismic noise from the Japanese Hi-net seismic network to measure the crustal seismic velocity changes below volcanic regions caused by the 2011 moment magnitude (M-w) 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. We interpret coseismic crustal seismic velocity reductions as related to the mechanical weakening of the pressurized crust by the dynamic stress associated with the seismic waves. We suggest, therefore, that mapping seismic velocity susceptibility to dynamic stress perturbations can be used for the imaging and characterization of volcanic systems.

DOI： 10.1126/science.1254073

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In the heterogeneous earth medium, short period seismograms of an earthquake are wellcharacterized by their smooth envelopes with random phases. The Markov approximation hasoften been used for the practical synthesis of their envelopes for a given frequency band. Itis a stochastic extension of the phase screen method to synthesize wave envelopes in mediawith random fluctuations under the condition that the wavelength is shorter than the correlationdistance of the fluctuation. We propose an extension of the Markov approximation forthe envelope synthesis to the case that an isotropically outgoing wavelet is radiated from apoint source in horizontal layered random elastic media, where different layers have differentrandomness and different background velocities. In each layer, we solve the master equationfor the two frequency mutual coherence function (TFMCF) which contains the informationof the intensity in the frequency domain. Just below each layer boundary, we calculate theangular spectrumwhich is the expression of the TFMCF in the transverse wavenumber domainfor up-going wavelets. The angular spectrum shows the ray angle distribution of intensitiesof scattered waves. Multiplying it by the square of transmission coefficients calculated fromthe background velocity contrast at the boundary, we evaluate the angular spectrum just aboveit. We neglect P to S (S to P) conversion scattering inside of each layer
however, we takeinto account the mode conversion at the layer boundary. Different from the vertical incidenceof a plane wavelet, the wavefront expands with time and its curvature is modified at thelayer boundary due to the Snell's law. Approximating the wavefront in the second layer bya circle for a small incidence angle, we may shift the real origin to the pseudo-origin of thewavefront circle, which leads to the change in geometrical spreading factor. Finally, we calculatethe mean square envelope from the TFMCF by using an FFT. By multiplying the angularspectrum by conversion or reflection coefficients and calculate the TFMCF for the convertedor reflected wavelets at layer boundaries, we can calculate any phase generated due to velocitydiscontinuities. For the reflected wavelets, we solve the master equation of the TFMCF downward. To confirm the validity of the method, we directly synthesize mean square envelopesin 2-D two-layered random elastic media and compare them with the averaged envelopescalculated by finite difference (FD) simulations of the wave propagation in random elasticmedia. We find that the Markov envelopes well agree with the FD envelopes not only for atransmitted wavelet but also for a P to S converted wavelet and a reflected wavelet at a layerboundary.© The Authors 2013.

DOI： 10.1093/gji/ggt125

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The Markov approximation is a powerful stochastic method for the direct synthesis of wave envelopes in random velocity fluctuated media when the wavelength is shorter than their correlation distance. To apply the Markov approximation to realistic cases, we consider horizontal layered random media characterized by an anisotropic autocorrelation function (ACF), where different layers have different randomnesses and different background velocities having step-like changes. Solving the parabolic master equation for the two frequency mutual coherence function (TFMCF) in random elastic media for the vertical incidence of a plane wavelet from the bottom, we calculate the angular spectrum just before the first velocity boundary. Multiplying transmission or PS conversion coefficients of the boundary by the angular spectrum, we calculate the angular spectrum and TFMCF on the other side of the boundary. Then we solve the master equation for the forward propagating wavelet in the second layer. Taking the same procedure for each layer boundary, we finally obtain the mean square (MS) vector envelopes on the free surface on the top layer. For the practical simulation, we use 2-D random media characterized by a Gaussian ACF. We numerically confirm the validity of the envelope synthesis for a specific case of layered random media with anisotropic ACF by comparing with finite difference (FD) simulations of elastic waves. Considering the Earth structure, the horizontal correlation distance is larger than the vertical one and the velocity fractional fluctuation becomes weak as depth increases, the Markov approximation is good for modelling the primary wavelet and also the converted wavelet for the vertical incident wavelet. We derive an applicable range of the Markov approximation for random media with anisotropic ACF by comparing with FD simulations. The results show that the Markov approximation is accurate when the wavelength is comparable or shorter than the both of vertical and horizontal correlation distances and the MS fractional fluctuation is much smaller than the ratio of squared horizontal correlation distance to the product of the vertical correlation distance and propagation distance.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05264.x

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In short-period seismograms of earthquakes, we often observe the broadening of apparent duration of P and/or S waves and the excitation of the transverse component especially for P waves as travel distance increases. Such phenomena are well explained by scattering caused by random velocity fluctuation in the lithosphere. The Markov approximation is known as one of the powerful stochastic methods for the direct synthesis of wave envelopes. We extend the method to synthesize vector wave envelopes on the free surface of a random medium since seismic observation is usually done on the ground surface. We evaluate the mean square (MS) envelope on the free surface by multiplying the amplification factor on the free surface to the angular spectrum in an infinite random medium. We synthesize MS envelopes for the vertical incidence of an impulsive plane P or S wavelet into a 3-D random medium characterized by a Gaussian autocorrelation function with typical parameters of the lithosphere. As a result, the vertical and horizontal component MS envelopes show different amplification rates on the free surface; however, we may say that "a factor of 4" is a good approximation for the amplification rate for both components. Finally, we numerically confirm the validity of our direct envelope syntheses by the comparison with finite difference simulations of waves in 2-D random media. The Markov approximation is accurate when the wavelength is shorter than the correlation distance and the fractional fluctuation is much smaller than the ratio of the correlation distance to the propagation distance.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JB006955

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In short-period seismograms of earthquakes, we often observe the broadening of apparent duration of P and/or S waves and the excitation of the transverse component especially for P waves as travel distance increases. Such phenomena are well explained by scattering caused by random velocity fluctuation in the lithosphere. The Markov approximation is known as one of the powerful stochastic methods for the direct synthesis of wave envelopes. We extend the method to synthesize vector wave envelopes on the free surface of a random medium since seismic observation is usually done on the ground surface. We evaluate the mean square (MS) envelope on the free surface by multiplying the amplification factor on the free surface to the angular spectrum in an infinite random medium. We synthesize MS envelopes for the vertical incidence of an impulsive plane P or S wavelet into a 3-D random medium characterized by a Gaussian autocorrelation function with typical parameters of the lithosphere. As a result, the vertical and horizontal component MS envelopes show different amplification rates on the free surface
however, we may say that "a factor of 4" is a good approximation for the amplification rate for both components. Finally, we numerically confirm the validity of our direct envelope syntheses by the comparison with finite difference simulations of waves in 2-D random media. The Markov approximation is accurate when the wavelength is shorter than the correlation distance and the fractional fluctuation is much smaller than the ratio of the correlation distance to the propagation distance. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JB006955

開催年月日： 2021年8月

記述言語：英語  

開催地：オンライン   国名：日本国  

Enhancing the Extraction of Surface-wave Dispersion Curves from the Traffic Signal in DAS Data

開催年月日： 2021年8月

記述言語：英語  

開催地：オンライン   国名：日本国  

Estimation of the shallow small-scale heterogeneity by using the dense DAS data

開催年月日： 2021年5月 - 2021年6月

記述言語：日本語  

開催地：オンライン   国名：日本国  

High-density estimation of site amplification characteristics from DAS observation along Route 4

開催年月日： 2020年10月

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Derivation of SPAC-like expressions for strains measured by DAS

開催年月日： 2020年10月

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Trial study of source time function estimation for shallow low-frequency tremors based on high-frequency seismogram envelope

開催年月日： 2020年10月

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Analysis of dense records of the DAS observation using fiber optic cable in the urban area

開催年月日： 2020年10月

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Estimation of Site Amplification of Azuma volcano: Analyses of Seismic Signals Recorded by Fiber Optic Cable and DAS

開催年月日： 2020年9月

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Seismic observation using fiber optics and DAS system at Azuma volcano

開催年月日： 2020年7月

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Modeling envelopes of DAS records based on the single isotropic scattering model

開催年月日： 2020年7月

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Effects of heterogeneous structures on source parameter estimations of small offshore earthquakes and shallow low frequency tremors

開催年月日： 2020年7月

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Hypocenter determination of volcanic earthquakes at Azuma volcano: analyses of seismic array data of fiber optics and DAS system

開催年月日： 2020年7月

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Angular distribution of energy fluxes of seismic waves in two-dimensional random heterogeneous media

開催年月日： 2020年5月

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Effect of complex topography on the wavefield recorded by DAS and buried fiber optic cable at Azuma volcano, Northeast Japan

開催年月日： 2019年9月

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Estimation of heterogeneities at Azuma v olcano using fiber optics and DAS system

開催年月日： 2019年9月

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Stress release process along a crustal fault during the foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence of the 2017 M5.2 Akita-Daisen earthquake

開催年月日： 2019年9月

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Seismic observation at Azuma volcano using fiber optics and DAS system

開催年月日： 2019年9月

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Seismic observation using fiber optics and DAS at Azuma volcano – Estimation of heterogeneities using a dense observation

開催年月日： 2019年9月

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Data usage by non-specialists through mobile apps

開催年月日： 2019年7月

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Numerical Analysis of the Lapse Time Dependence of the Angular Distribution of Coda Waves

開催年月日： 2019年5月

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Estimation of rupture directivity, fault plane, and stress drop of small earthquakes in inland areas of Japan

開催年月日： 2019年5月

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Characteristics of T-wave envelopes observed by S-net

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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会議種別：ポスター発表  

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会議種別：ポスター発表  

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会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：機関テクニカルレポート，技術報告書，プレプリント等  

その他リンク： https://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/jp/output/publication/annual/annual2017/pdf/2project/chapter1/1-11_furumura.pdf