Language：English   Publisher：(公社)日本薬理学会  

LOPAC1280化合物ライブラリからトランスサイレチン(TTR)インタラクタを探索するハイスループットスクリーニング(HTS)系を確立した。このHTS系でヒットした化合物の中から、チオフラビンT基盤アッセイによりTTR-アミロイド攪乱物質(AD)として2種類の化合物、NSC95397とGossypolをリード化合物として選定した。これらの化合物はナフトキノン(NQ)-ナフタレン構造を持つため、100種類のNQ誘導体を試験して、10種類のTTR-AD候補化合物を特定した。これら10化合物のTTRアミロイドに対する選択性をβアミロイド(Aβ1-42)で評価し、TTRに選択的で、Aβ由来アミロイドを破壊しない2種類の化合物を見出した。このHTS系はTTR-ADを同定し、NQ化合物はADとして有用な構造であった。

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications  

AL amyloidosis is a life-threatening disease characterized by the deposition of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain secreted from clonal plasma cells. Here we established an in-vitro screening system of amyloid inhibition of a variable domain in λ6 light chain mutant (Vλ6), Wil, and screened a food-additive compound library to identify compounds inhibiting the fibril formation. We found gossypetin and isoquercitrin as novel inhibitors. NMR analysis showed that both compounds directly interacted with natively-folded Wil, and proteolysis experiments demonstrated that these compounds conferred proteolytic resistance, suggesting that the compounds enhance the kinetic stability of Wil. Since gossypetin and isoquercitrin specifically interacted with the protein at micromolar concentrations, these compounds could be used as lead to further develop inhibitors against AL amyloidosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.066

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/cells10020434

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03255

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Mitophagy plays an important role in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. PTEN-induced kinase (PINK1), a key regulator of mitophagy, is degraded constitutively under steady-state conditions. During mitophagy, it becomes stabilized in the outer mitochondrial membrane, particularly under mitochondrial stress conditions, such as in treatment with uncouplers, generation of excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and formation of protein aggregates in mitochondria. Stabilized PINK1 recruits and activates E3 ligases, such as Parkin and mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase (MUL1), to ubiquitinate mitochondrial proteins and induce ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy. Here, we found that the anticancer drug gemcitabine induces the stabilization of PINK1 and subsequent mitophagy, even in the absence of Parkin. We also found that gemcitabine-induced stabilization of PINK1 was not accompanied by mitochondrial depolarization. Interestingly, the stabilization of PINK1 was mediated by MUL1. These results suggest that gemcitabine induces mitophagy through MUL1-mediated stabilization of PINK1 on the mitochondrial membrane independently of mitochondrial depolarization.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-020-58315-w

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Endogenous noradrenaline (NA) has multiple bioactive functions and, in the central nervous system (CNS), has been implicated in modulating neuroinflammation via β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs). Microglia, resident macrophages in the CNS, have a central role in the brain immune system and have been reported to be activated by NA. However, intracellular signaling mechanisms of the AR-mediated proinflammatory responses of microglia are not fully understood. Using a rapid and stable in vitro reporter assay system to evaluate IL-1β production in microglial BV2 cells, we found that NA and the β-AR agonist isoproterenol upregulated the IL-1β reporter activity. This effect was suppressed by β-AR antagonists. We further examined the involvement of EPAC (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) and TPL2 (tumor progression locus 2, MAP3K8) and found that inhibitors for EPAC and TPL2 reduced AR agonist-induced IL-1β reporter activity. These inhibitors also suppressed NA-induced endogenous Il1b mRNA expression and IL-1β protein production. Our results suggest that EPAC and TPL2 are involved in β-AR-mediated IL-1β production in microglial cells, and extend our understanding of its intracellular signaling mechanism.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.03.004

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Background and Purpose: Doxorubicin is a highly effective anticancer agent but eventually induces cardiotoxicity associated with increased production of ROS. We previously reported that a pathological protein interaction between TRPC3 channels and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) contributed to doxorubicin-induced cardiac atrophy in mice. Here we have investigated the effects of ibudilast, a drug already approved for clinical use and known to block doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity, on the TRPC3-Nox2 complex. We specifically sought evidence that this drug attenuated doxorubicin-induced systemic tissue wasting in mice. Experimental Approach: We used the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line to screen 1,271 clinically approved chemical compounds, evaluating functional interactions between TRPC3 channels and Nox2, by measuring Nox2 protein stability and ROS production, with and without exposure to doxorubicin. In male C57BL/6 mice, samples of cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle were taken and analysed with morphometric, immunohistochemical, RT-PCR and western blot methods. In the passive smoking model, cells were exposed to DMEM containing cigarette sidestream smoke. Key Results: Ibudilast, an anti-asthmatic drug, attenuated ROS-mediated muscle toxicity induced by doxorubicin treatment or passive smoking, by inhibiting the functional interactions between TRPC3 channels and Nox2, without reducing TRPC3 channel activity. Conclusions and Implications: These results indicate a common mechanism underlying induction of systemic tissue wasting by doxorubicin. They also suggest that ibudilast could be repurposed to prevent muscle toxicity caused by anticancer drugs or passive smoking.

DOI： 10.1111/bph.14777

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

P2X purinergic receptors are ATP-driven ionic channels expressed as trimers and showing various functions. A subtype, the P2X4 receptor present on microglial cells is highly involved in neuropathic pain. In this study, in order to prepare antibodies recognizing the native structure of rat P2X4 (rP2X4) receptor, we immunized mice with rP2X4’s head domain (rHD, Gln111–Val167), which possesses an intact structure stabilized by S-S bond formation (Igawa and Abe et al. FEBS Lett. 2015), as an antigen. We generated five monoclonal antibodies with the ability to recognize the native structure of its head domain, stabilized by S-S bond formation. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Asn127 and Asp131 of the rHD, in which combination of these amino acid residues is only conserved in P2X4 receptor among P2X family, were closely involved in the interaction between rHD and these antibodies. We also demonstrated the antibodies obtained here could detect rP2X4 receptor expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells.

DOI： 10.1007/s11302-019-09646-5

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Oxaliplatin, which is widely used as chemotherapy for certain solid cancers, frequently causes peripheral neuropathy. Commonly described neuropathic symptoms include aberrant sensations such as mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli). Although oxaliplatin neuropathy is a dose-limiting toxicity, there are no established preventive strategies available at present. By screening several sets of small-molecule chemical libraries (more than 3,000 compounds in total) using a newly established in vitro high-throughput phenotypic assay, we identified fulvestrant, a clinically approved drug for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, as having a protective effect on oxaliplatin-induced neuronal damage. Furthermore, histological and behavioural analyses using a rat model of oxaliplatin neuropathy demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of fulvestrant to prevent oxaliplatin-induced axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerve and mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, fulvestrant did not interfere with oxaliplatin-induced cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Thus, our findings reveal a previously unrecognised pharmacological effect of fulvestrant to prevent oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neuropathy without impairing its cytotoxicity against cancer cells and may represent a novel prophylactic option for patients receiving oxaliplatin chemotherapy.

DOI： 10.1002/ijc.32043

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

 Neuropathic pain associated with cancer, diabetic neuropathy, and postherpetic neuralgia is a type of intractable chronic pain characterized by mechanical allodynia and abnormal pain hypersensitivity evoked by innocuous stimuli. However, this disorder has no specific treatment. We previously showed that the purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4R), a subtype of ATP-gated nonselective cation channels, is highly upregulated in spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury, and blocking the function of P2X4R reverses mechanical allodynia. In the present study, we screened a chemical library of 1979 clinically approved compounds (a gift from the Drug Discovery Initiative at the University of Tokyo) aimed at achieving "Eco-Pharma," which refers to seeking new effects of existing drugs. We demonstrated that duloxetine, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, has an inhibitory effect on rat and human P2X4R. In rat primary cultured microglial cells, duloxetine also inhibited P2X4R-mediated responses. Moreover, intrathecal administration of duloxetine in a model of neuropathic pain reversed nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. Based on those results, we suggest that the inhibition of P2X4R expressed in microglial cells may be involved in the antiallodynic effect of duloxetine in neuropathic pain. Furthermore, in this review, we discuss a new strategy for drug discovery called "Green Pharma" (a merger of "Eco-Pharma" and "Green chemistry" and referring to the development of eco-friendly pharmaceuticals).

DOI： 10.1248/yakushi.17-00211-1

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Microglia are widely accepted as surveillants in the central nervous system that are continually searching the local environment for signs of injury. Following an inflammatory situation, microglia alter their morphology, extend ramified processes, and undergo cell body hypertrophy. Extracellular nucleotides are recognized as a danger signal by microglia. ADP acting on P2Y12 receptors induce process extension of microglia thereby attracting microglia to the site of adenosine tri-phosphate/ADP leaking or release. However, the question whether ADP/P2Y12 receptor signaling directly stimulates the production or release of inducible factors such as cytokines remains unclear. In this study, we found that CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) is induced by ADP-treated primary microglia. Pharmacological characterization using pertussis toxin, a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, and a calcium chelator revealed that CCL3 induction was caused by P2Y12 receptor-mediated intracellular calcium elevation. Next, nuclear factor of activated T-cell dephosphorylation and nuclear translocalization were observed. Calcineurin, an inhibitor for nuclear factor of activated T cell, suppressed CCL3 induction. These data indicate that microglial P2Y12 receptors are utilized to trigger an acute inflammatory response in microglia via rapid CCL3 induction after ADP stimulation. (Figure presented.).

DOI： 10.1111/jnc.13968

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem, and novel therapies to treat CKD are urgently needed. Here, we show that inhibition of G₀/G₁ switch 2 (G0s2) ameliorates renal inflammation in a mouse model of CKD. Renal expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) was increased in response to p65 activation in the kidneys of wild-type 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) mice. Moreover, 5/6Nx Clk/Clk mice, which carry homozygous mutations in the gene encoding circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), did not exhibit aggravation of apoptosis or induction of F4/80-positive cells. The renal expression of G0s2 in wild-type 5/6Nx mice was important for the transactivation of Ccl2 by p65. These pathologies were ameliorated by G0s2 knockdown. Furthermore, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of G0s2 expression was identified by high-throughput chemical screening, and the inhibitor suppressed renal inflammation in 5/6Nx mice. These findings indicated that G0s2 inhibitors may have applications in the treatment of CKD.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.008

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

P2X4 receptors (P2X4R) are a family of ATP-gated non-selective cation channels. We previously demonstrated that activation of P2X4R in spinal microglia is crucial for neuropathic pain, a highly debilitating chronic pain condition, suggesting that P2X4R is a potential therapeutic target for treating neuropathic pain. Thus, the identification of a compound that has a potent inhibitory effect on P2X4R is an important clinical challenge. In the present study, we screened a chemical library of clinically approved drugs and show for the first time that duloxetine, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, has an inhibitory effect on rodent and human P2X4R. In primary cultured microglial cells, duloxetine also inhibited P2X4R-, but not P2X7R-, mediated responses. Moreover, intrathecal administration of duloxetine in a model of neuropathic pain produced a reversal of nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia, a cardinal symptom of neuropathic pain. In rats that were pretreated with a serotonin-depleting agent and a noradrenaline neurotoxin, the antiallodynic effect of duloxetine was reduced, but still remained. Based on these results, we suggest that, in addition to duloxetine's primary inhibitory action on serotonin and noradrenaline transporters, an inhibitory effect on P2X4R may be involved at least in part in an antiallodynic effect of intrathecal duloxetine in a model of neuropathic pain.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0165189

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Accumulating evidence indicates that purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4R: cation channels activated by extracellular ATP) expressed in spinal microglia are crucial for pathological chronic pain caused by nerve damage, suggesting a potential target for drug discovery. We identified NP-1815-PX (5-[3-(5-thioxo-4H-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]-1H-naphtho[1, 2-b][1,4]diazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione) as a novel antagonist selective for P2X4R with high potency and selectivity compared with other P2XR subtypes. In in vivo assay for acute and chronic pain, intrathecal administration of NP-1815-PX produced an anti-allodynic effect in mice with traumatic nerve damage without affecting acute nociceptive pain and motor function (although its oral administration did not produce the effect). Furthermore, in a mouse model of herpetic pain, P2X4R upregulation in the spinal cord exclusively occurred in microglia, and intrathecal NP-1815-PX suppressed induction of mechanical allodynia. This model also showed K⁺/Cl^- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) downregulation, which is implicated in dorsal horn neuron hyperexcitability; this downregulation was restored by intrathecal treatment with NP-1815-PX or by interfering with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, a P2X4R-activated microglial factor implicated in KCC2 downregulation. Taken together, the newly developed P2X4R antagonist NP-1815-PX produces anti-allodynic effects in chronic pain models without altering acute pain sensitivity, suggesting that microglial P2X4R could be an attractive target for treating chronic pain.

DOI： 10.1038/srep32461

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Accumulating evidence indicates that peripheral nerve injury (PNI) activates spinal microglia that are necessary for neuropathic pain. Recent studies using bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice have reported that after PNI, circulating BM-derived cells infiltrate into the spinal cord and differentiate into microglia-like cells. This raises the possibility that the population of spinal microglia after PNI may be heterogeneous. However, the infiltration of BM cells in the spinal cord remains controversial because of experimental adverse effects of strong irradiation used for generating BM chimeric mice. In this study, we evaluated the PNI-induced spinal infiltration of BM-derived cells not only by irradiation-induced myeloablation with various conditioning regimens, but also by parabiosis and mice with genetically labelled microglia, models without irradiation and BM transplantation. Results obtained from these independent approaches provide compelling evidence indicating little contribution of circulating BM-derived cells to the population of spinal microglia after PNI.

DOI： 10.1038/srep23701

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The P2X4 purinergic receptor is a key molecule in neuropathic pain, particularly in the allodynia after peripheral nerve injury. We therefore sought to establish an anti-P2X4 receptor monoclonal antibody that would be useful for detection and characterization of the P2X4 receptor. We first prepared the refolded extracellular domain of the rat P2X4 receptor expressed in Escherichia coli. Then, we established a B-cell hybridoma producing the monoclonal antibody for the head domain of the rat P2X4 receptor with strict recognition, including S-S bond formation. In addition, we succeeded in the detection and immune precipitation of rat P2X4 receptor molecules on cultured cells. As the antibody specifically binds to the rat P2X4 receptor molecule, it is expected that the established monoclonal antibody will be applicable as a tool for detecting increasing expression levels of the P2X4 receptor molecule accompanied with increasing intensity of neuropathic pain.

DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvs143

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs), a subtype of the purinergic P2X family, play important roles in regulating neuronal and glial functions in the nervous system. We have previously shown that the expression of P2X4Rs is upregulated in activated microglia after peripheral nerve injury and that activation of the receptors by extracellular ATP is crucial for maintaining nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivity. However, the regulation of P2X4R expression on the cell surface of microglia is poorly understood. Here, we identify the CC chemokine receptor CCR2 as a regulator of P2X4R trafficking to the cell surface of microglia. In a quantitative cell surface biotinylation assay, we found that applying CCL2 or CCL12, endogenous ligands for CCR2, to primary cultured microglial cells, increased the levels of P2X4R protein on the cell surface without changing total cellular expression. This effect of CCL2 was prevented by an antagonist of CCR2. Time-lapse imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged P2X4R in living microglial cells showed that CCL2 stimulation increased the movement of P2X4R-GFP particles. The subcellular localization of P2X4R immunofluorescence was restricted to lysosomes around the perinuclear region. Notably, CCL2 changed the distribution of lysosomes with P2X4R immunofluorescence within microglial cells and induced release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase, indicating lysosomal exocytosis. Moreover, CCL2-stimulated microglia enhanced Akt phosphorylation by ATP applied extracellularly, a P2X4R-mediated response. These results indicate that CCL2 promotes expression of P2X4R protein on the cell surface of microglia through exocytosis of P2X4R-containing lysosomes, which may be a possible mechanism for pain hypersensitivity after nerve injury.

DOI： 10.1007/s11302-011-9288-x

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Background: Neuropathic pain is characterized by pain hypersensitivity to innocuous stimuli (tactile allodynia) that is nearly always resistant to known treatments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or even opioids. It has been reported that some antidepressants are effective for treating neuropathic pain. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We have recently demonstrated that blocking P2X₄ receptors in the spinal cord reverses tactile allodynia after peripheral nerve injury in rats, implying that P2X₄ receptors are a key molecule in neuropathic pain. We investigated a possible role of antidepressants as inhibitors of P2X₄ receptors and analysed their analgesic mechanism using an animal model of neuropathic pain. Results: Antidepressants strongly inhibited ATP-mediated Ca²⁺ responses in P2X₄ receptor-expressing 1321N1 cells, which are known to have no endogenous ATP receptors. Paroxetine exhibited the most powerful inhibition of calcium influx via rat and human P2X₄ receptors, with IC50 values of 2.45 μM and 1.87 μM, respectively. Intrathecal administration of paroxetine produced a striking antiallodynic effect in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Co-administration of WAY100635, ketanserin or ondansetron with paroxetine induced no significant change in the antiallodynic effect of paroxetine. Furthermore, the antiallodynic effect of paroxetine was observed even in rats that had received intrathecal pretreatment with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, which dramatically depletes spinal 5-hydroxytryptamine. Conclusion: These results suggest that paroxetine acts as a potent analgesic in the spinal cord via a mechanism independent of its inhibitory effect on serotonin transporters. Powerful inhibition on P2X₄ receptors may underlie the analgesic effect of paroxetine, and it is possible that some antidepressants clinically used in patients with neuropathic pain show antiallodynic effects, at least in part via their inhibitory effects on P2X₄ receptors.

DOI： 10.1186/1744-8069-5-20

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Peripheral tissue injury causes the release of various mediators from damaged and inflammatory cells, which in turn activates and sensitizes primary sensory neurons and thereby produces persistent pain. The present study investigated the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF), a phospholipid mediator, in pain signaling using mice lacking PAF receptor (pafr-/- mice). Here we show that pafr-/- mice displayed almost normal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli but exhibit attenuated persistent pain behaviors resulting from tissue injury by locally injecting formalin at the periphery as well as capsaicin pain and visceral inflammatory pain without any alteration in cytoarchitectural or neurochemical properties in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and a defect in motor function. However, pafr-/- mice showed no alterations in spinal pain behaviors caused by intrathecally administering agonists for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and neurokinin₁ receptors. A PAFR agonist evoked an intracellular Ca²⁺ response predominantly in capsaicin-sensitive DRG neurons, an effect was not observed in pafr-/- mice. By contrast, the PAFR agonist did not affect C- or Aδ-evoked excitatory post-synaptic currents in substantia gelatinosa neurons in the dorsal horn. Interestingly, mice lacking PAFR showed reduced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK), an important kinase for the sensitization of primary sensory neurons, in their DRG neurons after formalin injection. Furthermore, U0126, a specific inhibitor of the ERK pathway suppressed the persistent pain by formalin. Thus, PAFR may play an important role in both persistent pain and the sensitization of primary sensory neurons after tissue injury.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04796.x

Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese  

Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.3

Language：English  

Venue：福岡   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2021.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  

アカデミアで発見した有望な創薬標的分子に対して薬理作用を発揮する既承認薬を見出し、さらにその既存の薬をもとに新薬を創製する新たな創薬システム「グリーンファルマ」を成功させるため、九州大学では化合物スクリーニング、ヒット化合物の最適化、動物での動態解析さらには疾患モデルでの解析などの包括的な支援を実施する。本セミナーではグリーンファルマの仕組みおよび支援体制について具体的な成果事例を交えて紹介する。

Event date： 2020.3

Language：English  

Venue：誌上開催   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (public)  

Venue：那覇   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：浜松   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.5 - 2019.6

Language：Japanese  

Venue：千葉   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.7

Language：English  

Venue：Kyoto   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.7

Language：English  

Venue：Kyoto   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (public)  

Venue：仙台   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：長崎   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Bonn   Country：Germany  

Language：Japanese  

Country：Other  

Language：Japanese  

Country：Other  

Language：English  

Country：Other  

New pharmacological effects of approved drugs targeting P2X7 receptors against the release of IL-1β from microglial cells and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury

Language：English  

Country：Other  

Microglial ATP receptors in neuropathic pain

Language：English  

Country：Other  

New pharmacological effects of approved drugs targeting P2X7 receptors against the release of IL-1β from microglial cells and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury WCP2018

Language：Japanese  

Type：Peer review 

Number of peer-reviewed articles in foreign language journals：1

Type：Peer review 

Number of peer-reviewed articles in foreign language journals：2