Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.20659/jjfp.57.2_45

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.20659/jjfp.57.2_45

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118562

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2023.2227820

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2023.100257

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： http https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23080

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)  

Forest conservation effectiveness of community forests may decline in the future: Evidence from Cambodia
Abstract

Community forests (CFs) have been widely established in tropical countries as a tool to achieve forest conservation. Many studies have shown that CFs can contribute to the reduction of deforestation, yet studies that evaluate the contribution of CFs to reducing forest degradation and facilitating forest recovery remain scarce. We investigated the ability of CFs to prevent deforestation and forest degradation and to facilitate forest recovery by using a country-scale longitudinal tree canopy cover and forest cover dataset in Cambodia. We found that CFs can prevent both forest degradation and deforestation, but we did not observe a forest recovery effect. We also found that recently established CFs are not effective for forest conservation compared with older CFs. We conclude that, to date, CFs are an effective forest conservation tool; however, this does not necessarily mean that new CFs will be as effective as established ones.

DOI： 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad320

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.2022.002

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2022.2067618

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2061618

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050541

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020115

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DOI： 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01214

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DOI： 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01340

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115407

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115407

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01340

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121263

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121263

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2020.1810396

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.102.133

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DOI： 10.3390/rs11161899

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DOI： 10.20659/jfp.23.1_Toc1

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.23.1_Toc1

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DOI： 10.20659/jfp.23.2_15

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.23.2_15

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DOI： 10.20659/jjfp.51.1_1

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.20659/jjfp.51.1_1

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DOI： http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8060218

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8060218

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1322347

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1322347

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DOI： http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1302545

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1302545

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Other Link： http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0244#.WKqZzYVOJdg

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/f6113882

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f6113882

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Comparing 30-year diameter censuses and tree-ring chronologies in natural old-growth Cryptomeria japonica forest on Yakushima Island, Japan

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： doi:10.3390/rs61110750

Other Link： http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/11/10750/htm

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English  

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Influence of using texture information in remote sensed data on the accuracy of forest type classification at different levels of spatial resolution

DOI： http://www.springerlink.com/content/6p16591577495600/

Other Link： http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AA11059168_ja.html

Language：English  

Other Link： http://ejournals.ph/index.php?journal=AJB&page=article&op=viewArticle&path%5B%5D=3817

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Influence of using texture information in remote sensed data on the accuracy of forest type classification at different levels of spatial resolution

DOI： http://www.springerlink.com/content/6p16591577495600/

Other Link： http://www.springerlink.com/content/6p16591577495600/

Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Estimation of rubberwood production in Cambodia

DOI： http://www.springerlink.com/content/4141851033587g02/

Other Link： http://www.springerlink.com/content/4141851033587g02/

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Importance of rubberwood in wood export of Malaysia and Thailand

DOI： http://www.springerlink.com/content/dh7791515671j791/

Other Link： http://www.springerlink.com/content/dh7791515671j791/

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Comparison of automatic and interactive thresholding of hemispherical photography

DOI： http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/35264.pdf

Other Link： http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/35264.pdf

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Effect of settings of digital fisheye photography to estimate relative illuminance within forest under low light conditions

DOI： http://dx.doi.org10.1007/s10310-010-0189-6

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org10.1007/s10310-010-0189-6

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English  

DOI： http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/full/sf44/sf444657.pdf

Other Link： http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/full/sf44/sf444657.pdf

Language：Japanese  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Other Link： http://www.geoinfo.ait.ac.th/ajg/Vol10_No1.php

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Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.056

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Language：English  

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038192.84631.b6

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-003-0064-9

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-003-0064-9

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-003-0073-8

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-003-0073-8

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026044701939

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00281-5

Language：Japanese  

Mizoue, N., Ito, S., I, T., Growth characteristics of understory trees of sugi (cryptomeria japonica) and hinoki (chamaecyparis obtusa) in the alternate strip-clearcutting stand in morotsuka, miyazaki prefecture, southern Japan. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 84: 151-158, 2002

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English  

Language：Japanese  

Language：English  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese  

Publisher：Journal of Applied Ecology  

The urgency to conserve and restore forests for their multifaceted benefits is escalating. We spotlight Japan's new Forest Environment Tax, a novel fiscal measure crafted to finance public-beneficial ecosystem services through enhanced forest management. To convey the expert perceptions of the policy, we present the results of a survey targeting individuals immersed in Japan's forest policies, which aimed to assess attitudes toward the various benefits that forests provide. We classified forest functions into five core areas: wood production, soil and water conservation, mitigation of anthropogenic global warming, wildlife conservation and cultural utilities. We found that stakeholders closely involved in forest policies in Japan prioritize soil and water conservation as the paramount function over the mitigation of anthropogenic global warming. The results of the survey underscore the necessity of evaluating forest management practices and the importance of recognizing the multiple values that can be derived from forests. While there has been much attention to the carbon benefits of forests in the region and beyond, we emphasize the need to avoid an excessive focus on this single ecosystem service and to ensure that the other important multifunctional values of forests are not overlooked. Policy implications: We call for a more holistic approach that recognises the interdependence of the different functions of forests and the importance of valuing forests as natural capital in all their dimensions.

DOI： 10.1111/1365-2664.70008

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Scopus

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Journal of Digital Earth  

The most practical method for monitoring forest change over large areas is using remotely sensed data. However, given that current techniques are somewhat weak for monitoring small-scale forest disturbances, achieving accurate monitoring remains challenging, especially in tropical areas where selective and illegal logging occurs frequently. To further improve the ability to monitor forest changes, we estimated tree canopy cover (TCC) using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data. We developed an approach to monitor forest change on the obtained TCC time series. This approach was applied to monitor forest change in the Bago Mountains of Myanmar from 2017 to 2021. We then completed accuracy assessments and area estimation using reference data obtained from stratified random sampling and unbiased estimators. The final results indicated that: (1) in TCC estimation, Sentinel-1 played a limited role; the red-edge bands of Sentinel-2 achieved slightly different results to the other bands, and superior results were obtained by using all bands; (2) our method successfully mapped forest change with the overall accuracy of 93%. Furthermore, compared with the most widely used and the most recent approaches, our method was better at capturing forest disturbances.

DOI： 10.1080/17538947.2024.2312222

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Publisher：Biological Conservation  

Community forestry is a regime of forest management that engages local communities to conserve forests and improve their livelihoods. As the number of community-conserved forests grows, a growing body of evidence indicates the positive effects of community forests in reducing deforestation. However, there is little analysis encompassing the comprehensive effectiveness of community forests (CFs) in terms of deforestation, forest degradation, forest cover change and forest increase. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to investigate the influence of CFs on these aspects between 2015 and 2019 in two watershed conservation forests in Myanmar. We used visual interpretation of very high-resolution satellite imagery and applied propensity score matching to ensure a balanced distribution of covariates. When compared directly, deforestation inside CFs (5.08 %) were higher than those outside CFs (3.89 %), while forest degradation (23.73 %) and forest increase (11.86 %) inside CFs were lower than those outside CFs (24.9 % and 16.34 %, respectively). However, these differences were not significant, and the matching results showed that CFs did not exhibit significant control over deforestation, forest degradation, forest cover change, and improvements in forest cover compared to areas outside CFs. We conclude that establishing community forests alone does not guarantee forest conservation in the short term. Therefore, community-based forest management practices are needed to address deforestation and forest degradation and achieve effective forest conservation aligned with local needs.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110846

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Scopus

Publisher：Natural Hazards  

Landslides cause significant economic, social, and environmental impacts worldwide. However, selecting the most suitable model and factors for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) remains challenging due to the diverse factors influencing landslides and the unique environmental settings in which they occur. Here, we conducted a systematic literature review from 2001 to 2021 to identify the main core-base factors and models used in LSM and highlight areas for future research. We found that there is a need for increased research collaboration with leading knowledge-producing countries and research efforts in underrepresented regions such as Africa, Central America, and South America. Of the 31 most used landslide susceptibility factors, we identified the core-base factors slope, elevation, lithology, land use/land cover, and distance from road, which were the most used, top-ranked predictors and commonly used together when mapping landslide susceptibility. Although aspect was the third most used factor, it ranked among the eight least effective predictors of LSM. Among the core-base factors of LSM, road density, elevation, and slope exhibited the least ranking variability as LSM predictors. The most used methods in LSM were random forest, logistic regression, support vector machine, and artificial neural network, with hybrid, ensemble, and deep learning methods currently trending. Random forest was the most accurate of the four most commonly used models, followed by artificial neural networks. However, artificial neural networks exhibited the least performance variability, followed by support vector machines. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for researchers in selecting appropriate factors and models for LSM and identifies potential areas for future collaboration and research.

DOI： 10.1007/s11069-024-06697-9

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Publisher：International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation  

Attribution of forest disturbance types using satellite remote sensing is practicable and several methods have been developed to automate the procedure. However, limited by commonly used data and the methodology, achieving accurate and rapid attribution of forest disturbance types over broad spatial extents remains challenging. In this study, we developed a method for attributing forest disturbance types using Dynamic World class probability data (i.e., probabilities for Dynamic World land use land cover types). Specifically, we first obtained a high-quality probability time series by pre-processing the class probability data. Then, we segmented the entire time series into several subseries and classified them according to the hypothetical trajectories. Finally, we completed the attribution of forest disturbance types using the variables derived from the probability time series and the results of the subseries classification. We used the developed method to investigate the forest disturbance types in Myanmar from 2017 to 2023 and validated its effectiveness by conducting unbiased accuracy assessment. The overall accuracy of the type for the acquired map was approximately 93.3%, and the overall accuracy of the year was approximately 96.7%, proving that the method is feasible. This method is based on the Google Earth Engine, which allows users to attribute forest disturbance types in different areas rapidly by simple parameter adjustments. Even if available classes do not satisfy users’ needs, the method can facilitate more detailed attribution of disturbance types.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104216

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06697-9

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06697-9

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Forest Planning  

<p>Shugo Inoue, Tetsuji Ota and Nobuya Mizoue: Searching for the optimal acquisition month for bamboo area detection using satellite constellation images. Jpn. J. For. Plann. 57: 45～51, 2024 We verified the optimal month of data acquisition for detecting bamboo areas from satellite remote sensing data. The study area was the area around the former Tachibana Village in Fukuoka Prefecture, and a total of 11 PlanetScope data were obtained from January to December 2022. Machine learning models were applied to each of the 11 satellite data sets to classify them into two classes: bamboo area and non-bamboo area. Classification accuracy was then compared. The overall accuracy was highest in June (91.2%) and lowest in April (74.6%). The overall accuracy was low in January, gradually increased, and then peaked in May and June, followed by a decrease. In the bamboo area detection using data acquired in June, the red band had the highest importance, and the vegetation indices using the red band, green, and near-infrared band also had high importance. We concluded that data acquired in May-June by satellites with red, green, and near-infrared bands should be used to detect bamboo forests.</p>

DOI： 10.20659/jjfp.57.2_45

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publisher：Ambio  

Unsustainable land use practices have led to increased forest loss rates. Implementing cacao agroforestry can reduce forest loss by preventing the clear-cutting of forests for monoculture plantations. However, research is needed on its effectiveness in preventing forest loss and the factors influencing its adoption between full-time and part-time farmers. Here, we address these gaps in the Maya Golden Landscape, Belize, by using Mahalanobis distance matching to compare forest loss in cacao agroforestry concession, forest reserve, and de-reserve areas and analyzing social data of 187 households. The results suggest that the odds of forest loss in the cacao agroforestry concession area are approximately 16% higher than in the Maya Mountain North Forest Reserve. In comparison, they are 85% lower than in the de-reserved areas. We also report differences in the factors influencing agroforestry adoption between part-time and full-time farmers. Successful cacao agroforestry adoption requires considering the differences that exist between farmers' categories.

DOI： 10.1007/s13280-024-02106-4

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PubMed

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Forest Research  

Assessing the impact of forest type and age on shallow landslide susceptibility is important for managing protective functions of forests. Previous studies have examined the correlation between forest types and ages, and shallow landslide susceptibility, but causal effects of forest type and age on shallow landslide susceptibility are yet not clear. This study investigated the causal effect of forest type and age on shallow landslide susceptibility using a propensity score method by combining existing geo-data sets. Here, we focus on shallow landslides caused by an extreme rainfall event on 5–6 July 2017, in the mountainous areas of Asakura City and Toho Village, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Randomly located samples of coniferous forest, broadleaved forest, and young forest exposed to shallow landslide events were analyzed. The inverse probability of treatment weighting with the propensity score was applied to the samples to compare the differences in shallow landslide susceptibility among the three forest classes. Young forest had increased shallow landslide susceptibility, compared with coniferous forest and broadleaved forest, by 3.70 × 10−2 and 4.12 × 10−2, respectively, which corresponded to a two to three times increase in shallow landslide susceptibility when the forest changes from coniferous or broadleaved forest to young forest. No significant difference in shallow landslide susceptibility between coniferous forest and broadleaved forest was observed. These differences in shallow landslide susceptibility should be considered when implementing forest management schemes.

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2023.2227820

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Environmental Management  

Ecosystems around the globe are enduring wildfires with greater frequency, intensity, and severity and this trend is projected to continue as a result of climate change. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been proposed as a strategy to prevent wildfires and mitigate climate change impacts; however, it remains poorly understood as a strategy to prevent wildfires. Therefore, the authors propose a multimethod approach that combines mapping of wildfire susceptibility and social surveys to identify priority areas, main factors influencing the adoption of CSA practices, barriers to their implementation, and the best CSA practices that can be implemented to mitigate wildfires in Belize's Maya Golden Landscape (MGL). Farmers ranked slash and mulch, crop diversification, and agroforestry as the main CSA practices that can be implemented to address wildfires caused by agriculture in the MGL. In order to reduce wildfire risk, these practices should, be implemented in agricultural areas near wildlands with high wildfire susceptibility and during the fire season (February–May), in the case of slash and mulch. However, socio-demographic and economic characteristics, together with a lack of training and extension services support, inadequate consultation by agencies, and limited financial resources, hinder the broader adoption of CSA practices in the MGL. Our research produced actionable and valuable information that can be used to design policies and programs to mitigate the impacts of climate change and wildfire risk in the MGL. This approach can also be used in other regions where wildfires are caused by agricultural practices to identify priority areas, barriers and suitable CSA practices that can be implemented to mitigate wildfires.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118562

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Language：English   Publisher：Environmental Science and Ecotechnology  

Trees are spread worldwide, as the watchmen that experience the intricate ecological effects caused by various environmental factors. In order to better understand such effects, it is preferential to achieve finely and fully mapped global trees and their environments. For this task, aerial and satellite-based remote sensing (RS) methods have been developed. However, a critical branch regarding the apparent forms of trees has significantly fallen behind due to the technical deficiency found within their global-scale surveying methods. Now, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), a state-of-the-art RS technology, is useful for the in situ three-dimensional (3D) mapping of trees and their environments. Thus, we proposed co-developing an international TLS network as a macroscale ecotechnology to increase the 3D ecological understanding of global trees. First, we generated the system architecture and tested the available RS models to deepen its ground stakes. Then, we verified the ecotechnology regarding the identification of its theoretical feasibility, a review of its technical preparations, and a case testification based on a prototype we designed. Next, we conducted its functional prospects by previewing its scientific and technical potentials and its functional extensibility. Finally, we summarized its technical and scientific challenges, which can be used as the cutting points to promote the improvement of this technology in future studies. Overall, with the implication of establishing a novel cornerstone-sense ecotechnology, the co-development of an international TLS network can revolutionize the 3D ecological understanding of global trees and create new fields of research from 3D global tree structural ecology to 3D macroecology.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100257

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Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPANESE FORESTRY SOCIETY  

<p>[in Japanese]</p>

DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.134.0_287

CiNii Research

Publisher：International Journal of Wildland Fire  

Background. Wildland fires are part of the ecology of forests in Central America. Nevertheless, limited understanding of fire probability and the factors that influence it hinder the planning of intervention strategies. Aims. This research combined climatic, anthropogenic and vegetation factors to identify wildland fire probability and determine the most relevant factors. Methods. We performed an exploratory analysis to identify important factors and integrated them with fire observations using random forest. We then used the most relevant factors to predict wildland fire occurrence probability and validated our results using different measures. The results demonstrated satisfactory agreement with the independent data. Key results. Central regions of Honduras, northern Guatemala and Belize have a very high probability of wildland fire occurrence. Human imprint and extreme climatic conditions influence wildland fire probability in Central America. Conclusions. Using random forest, we identified the major influencing factors and areas with a high probability of wildland fire occurence in Central America. Implications. Results from this research can support regional organisations in applying enhanced strategies to minimise wildland fires in high-probability areas. Additional efforts may also include using future climate change scenarios and increasing the time frame to evaluate the influence of teleconnection patterns.

DOI： 10.1071/WF23080

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Forest Planning  

<p>Semi-captive Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) engaged in forestry activities in Myanmar account for 20% of all captive and semi-captive Asian elephants in the world, and are important for both forestry and the conservation of Asian elephant populations. Understanding moving behavior of the semi-captive elephants is required to sustain them. Our specific goals are 1) to determine the moving range during free time, and 2) to determine the hourly moving distance during skidding and when off duty. Three elephants were fitted with handheld global navigation satellite systems with the signals of global positioning system to collect data on their movements. The elephants were generally located between 0.534 and 0.875 km from the camp with temporary housing of the elephant handler when not skidding (i.e., free time) and between 1.365 and 1.372 km when skidding (i.e., work time). The hourly moving distance during free time (0.622–0.655 km) and work time (1.522 and 1.629 km) did not differ greatly from the hourly moving distance of wild Asian elephants (0.010–1.500 km). The elephants remained within 0.875 km of the camp of the elephant handler, and some variation in movements among individuals was observed during free time. Thus, the conservation of forest in areas near the camp is important for the well-being of these elephants.</p>

DOI： 10.20659/jfp.2022.002

CiNii Research

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

Mapping of deforestation, forest degradation, and recovery is essential to characterize country-level forest change and formulate mitigation actions. Previous studies have mainly used a simple forest/non-forest classification after forest disturbance to identify deforestation and forest degradation. However, a more flexible approach that is applicable to different forest conditions is desirable. In this study, we examined an approach for mapping deforestation, forest degradation, and recovery using disturbance types and tree canopy cover estimates from annual Landsat time-series data from 1988 to 2020 across Cambodia. We developed models to estimate both disturbance types and tree canopy cover based on a random forest algorithm using predictor variables derived from a trajectory-based temporal segmentation approach. The estimated disturbance types and canopy cover in each year were then used in a rule-based classification of deforestation, forest degradation, and recovery. The producer’s and user’s accuracies ranged from 59.1% to 72.9% and 60.8% to 91.6%, respectively, for the forest change classes of mapping deforestation, forest degradation, and recovery. The approach developed here can be adjusted for different definitions of deforestation, forest degradation, and recovery according to research objectives and thus has the potential to be applied to other study areas.

DOI： 10.1080/17538947.2022.2061618

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Forest Research  

There has been growing interest in the practice of reduced-impact logging (RIL) to enhance various ecological services of selectively logged tropical forests. It is thus important to evaluate the effectiveness of different logging operations between RIL and conventional logging (CON). The Myanmar Selection System (MSS) has a long history and is well known for its use of elephants for skidding, which is considered one form of RIL. However, the difference in the impacts of logging operations between the MSS using elephants for skidding and machine-only-based operations commonly adopted in other countries is unknown. The present study evaluated ground disturbance along elephant skid trails, along logging roads and at log landings in four compartments logged under the MSS, comparing with reported values for CON and RIL in the other countries. The ground disturbance in the MSS compartments was, respectively, 2.1% and 0.4% in average for logging roads and log landings; it is not significantly different from that for CON and RIL (p > 0.05). In contrast, the disturbed area along elephant skid trails (0.9%) is much lower than that for CON (5.2%) and RIL (4.7%) (p < 0.05). A large difference in the width of skid trails was found between elephant skidding (1.0 m) and machinery (CON: 5.5 m, RIL: 4.6 m) (p < 0.0001). We conclude that elephant skidding can largely reduce ground disturbance due to much narrower width of the skid trails as compared with machine skidding, while MSS does not differ from the other countries in ground disturbance at logging roads and log landings.

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2022.2067618

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding  

DOI： 10.32135/fgtb.11.4_177

CiNii Research

Publisher：Journal of Forest Research  

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2022.2087265

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Scopus

Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPANESE FORESTRY SOCIETY  

<p>[in Japanese]</p>

DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.133.0_262

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPANESE FORESTRY SOCIETY  

<p>[in Japanese]</p>

DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.133.0_259

CiNii Research

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2020 by the authors. Forest disturbances are generally estimated using globally available forest change maps or locally calibrated disturbance maps. The choice of disturbance map depends on the trade-offs among the detection accuracy, processing time, and expert knowledge. However, the accuracy differences between global and local maps have still not been fully investigated; therefore, their optimal use for estimating forest disturbances has not been clarified. This study assesses the annual forest disturbance detection of an available Global Forest Change map and a local disturbance map based on a Landsat temporal segmentation algorithm in areas dominated by harvest disturbances. We assess the forest disturbance detection accuracies based on two reference datasets in each year. We also use a polygon-based assessment to investigate the thematic accuracy based on each disturbance patch. As a result, we found that the producer's and user's accuracies of disturbances in the Global Forest Change map were 30.1-76.8&#37; and 50.5-90.2&#37;, respectively, for 2001-2017, which corresponded to 78.3-92.5&#37; and 88.8-97.1&#37;, respectively in the local disturbance map. These values indicate that the local disturbance map achieved more stable and higher accuracies. The polygon-based assessment showed that larger disturbances were likely to be accurately detected in both maps; however, more small-scale disturbances were at least partially detected by the Global Forest Change map with a higher commission error. Overall, the local disturbance map had higher forest disturbance detection accuracies. However, for forest disturbances larger than 3 ha, the Global Forest Change map achieved comparable accuracies. In conclusion, the Global Forest Change map can be used to detect larger forest disturbances, but it should be used cautiously because of the substantial commission error for small-scale disturbances and yearly variations in estimated areas and accuracies.

DOI： 10.3390/RS12152438

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2020 by the authors. Developing accurate methods for estimating forest structures is essential for efficient forest management. The high spatial and temporal resolution data acquired by CubeSat satellites have desirable characteristics for mapping large-scale forest structural attributes. However, most studies have used a median composite or single image for analyses. The multi-temporal use of CubeSat data may improve prediction accuracy. This study evaluates the capabilities of PlanetScope CubeSat data to estimate canopy height derived from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) by comparing estimates using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data. Random forest (RF) models using a single composite, multi-seasonal composites, and time-series data were investigated at different spatial resolutions of 3, 10, 20, and 30 m. The highest prediction accuracy was obtained by the PlanetScope multi-seasonal composites at 3 m (relative root mean squared error: 51.3&#37;) and Sentinel-2 multi-seasonal composites at the other spatial resolutions (40.5&#37;, 35.2&#37;, and 34.2&#37; for 10, 20, and 30 m, respectively). The results show that RF models using multi-seasonal composites are 1.4&#37; more accurate than those using harmonic metrics from time-series data in the median. PlanetScope is recommended for canopy height mapping at finer spatial resolutions. However, the unique characteristics of PlanetScope data in a spatial and temporal context should be further investigated for operational forest monitoring.

DOI： 10.3390/rs12111876

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Considerable proportions of the remaining global forest areas are currently harboured in tropical countries. Reducing deforestation in this region is important to help mitigate climate change. Effective forest conservation approach is needed to reduce deforestation and degradation in these countries. Here, we investigated the forest conservation effect of community forests and protected areas using country scale data in Cambodia. In addition to these two forest conservation approaches, we also evaluated the effectiveness of protected forests, which are similar to protected areas but managed by different authorities. We compared deforestation between 2006 and 2016 in areas under the three forest conservation approaches and a non-conserved area by applying the inverse probability of treatment weighting with the propensity score minimizing confounding effects. The results showed that community forest, protected areas, and protected forest significantly decreased deforestation compared with non-conserved forests. Out of the three forest conservation approaches, protected forest was the most effective and community forest was the least effective. We conclude that all of the policies we evaluated are effective for forest conservation but the effectiveness varies depending on the approach. Our findings also suggest that the authority managing the given approach plays an important part in its effectiveness.

DOI： 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104597

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2020 by the authors. Understanding the stand dynamics of tropical production forests is essential for determining the sustainability of a polycyclic selective logging system, but limited related studies have addressed the impacts of illegal logging over time. Myanmar faces the extensive degradation of traditional production forests with a 160-year logging history, but the cause of this degradation and how to balance legal and/or illegal disturbances with recovery in over-logged forests remain unclear. The present study investigated stand structural changes over 5 years after official legal logging operations using two 1-ha (100 × 100 m) sample plots. For 5 years after logging, the volume of trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 20 cm decreased by 46.0&#37; from 121 to 65.1 m3 ha-1, with a significant loss of the first-and second-grade species group (Tectona grandis Linn. f. and Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.) from 48.3 to 6.8 m3 ha-1. The total tree loss owing to official logging operations, mainly targeting the second-and fourth-grade species group, was 29.3 m3 ha-1. A similar level of total tree loss (28.0 m3 ha-1) was attributed to illegal logging that targeted the first-and second-grade species group. The mean annual recruitment rate of 3.1&#37; was larger than the reported values for tropical forests, but there were no and only 1.5 trees ha-1 recruitments s for T. grandis and X. xylocarpa, respectively. The mean annual mortality rate of 2.5&#37; was within the values reported in the related literature, and the volume loss from the mortality was relatively similar to the gain from the increment of living trees for all species groups. We concluded that the effects of illegal disturbances for 5 years post-harvest were equivalent to those of legal disturbances and larger than those of natural change, and are a major cause of the substantial reduction in stocking levels, especially for commercial species.

DOI： 10.3390/f11020195

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2019 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS) Landsat time series images are used for the detection of forest disturbance and the classification of causal agents. Various studies have classified disturbance agents with respect to forest disturbance detected using Landsat time series images. However, the accuracy of the finally classified disturbance agents in different approaches is rarely evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of using ensemble classification, and multiple spectral and spatio-temporal information for the accuracy of the classification of disturbance agents in two-stage prediction (i.e., disturbance agents are classified with respect to the detected disturbance) and direct prediction (i.e., disturbance agents are directly classified from Landsat temporal information). Predictor variables were derived from the results of the trajectory-based temporal segmentation of five spectral indices using an annual Landsat time series (2000–2018). We compared six approaches of classifying disturbance agents. For two-stage prediction, we investigated four disturbance detection approaches: threshold-based detection with a single spectral index, random forest (RF) model with a single spectral index, RF model with multiple spectral indices, and RF model with spatio-temporal variables. The detected disturbance pixels were aggregated to disturbance patches and classified into disturbance agents. For direct prediction, two RF models one with only temporal variables and the other with spatio-temporal variables were constructed to classify pixel-based disturbance agents. The overall accuracy of the RF model using spatio-temporal variables for direct prediction was 92.4&#37; and significantly higher than that of the RF model for two-stage prediction (90.9&#37;). The use of an RF model based only on a single spectral index in disturbance detection was not effective for improving accuracy compared with threshold-based detection; however, the use of an RF model based on multiple spectral indices in disturbance detection improved the accuracy of the final classification of disturbance agents. Introducing spatial variables in RF models was effective for improving the overall classification accuracy in pixel-based direct prediction. However, it was not necessary in two-stage prediction because of spatial information contained in the patches. Although a spatially discontinuous appearance was observed for the RF model for directly classifying disturbance agents, this could be an alternative approach to two-stage prediction when considering the relative classification performance and simplicity of implementation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.10.004

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2019 by the authors. Comprehensive forest cover mapping is essential for making policy and management decisions. However, creating a forest cover map from raw remote sensing data is a barrier for many users. Here, we investigated the effects of different tree cover thresholds on the accuracy of forest cover maps derived from the Global Forest Change Dataset (GFCD) across different ecological zones in a country-scale evaluation of Myanmar. To understand the effect of different thresholds on map accuracy, nine forest cover maps having thresholds ranging from 10&#37; to 90&#37; were created from the GFCD. The accuracy of the forest cover maps within each ecological zone and at the national scale was assessed. The overall accuracies of ecological zones other than tropical rainforest were highest when the threshold for tree cover was less than 50&#37;. The appropriate threshold for tropical rainforests was 80&#37;. Therefore, different optimal tree cover thresholds were required to achieve the highest overall accuracy depending on ecological zones. However, in the unique case of Myanmar, we were able to determine the threshold across the whole country. We concluded that the threshold for tree cover for creating a forest cover map should be determined according to the areal ratio of ecological zones determined from large-scale monitoring. Our results are applicable to tropical regions having similar ecological zones.

DOI： 10.3390/F10121062

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2019 Foundation for Environmental Conservation. Increasing attention has been given to evaluating the effectiveness of forest conservation projects, but it is not well known whether different methods yield similar results when evaluating changes in forest resources. The present study compares forest cover maps and local people's perceptions for evaluating the effectiveness of the Chambok community-based ecotourism (CBET) programme in Cambodia. We assessed forest cover changes from 2000 to 2012 using published global maps and used a covariate matching method to compare forest sites in CBET and non-CBET areas. We also analysed local people's perceptions of forest resource changes by interviewing 174 households. The forest cover maps showed that the Chambok CBET was effective at reducing deforestation, although the outcome was not completely robust to unobserved heterogeneity. Local people's perceptions concurred with the effectiveness observed in the forest cover maps, in that 64&#37; of the people perceived that forest resources increased and 75&#37; thought that the local community could protect its own forest resources. We conclude that the Chambok CBET performed effectively for forest conservation and suggest that mixed-method approaches are essential for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation programmes.

DOI： 10.1017/S0376892918000462

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000462

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Selective logging is one of the factors contributing to deforestation and forest degradation in tropical forests. A low-cost methodology to monitor selective logging is clearly required. However, this poses a challenge because only a few trees are felled at a given time. Here, we investigate the potential of using repeatedly acquired digital aerial photographs (DAPs) from a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to detect selective logging in tropical forests in Myanmar. Selective logging was conducted within two 9-ha plots. DAPs were acquired immediately before and after selective logging using a lightweight UAV in this case study. The aboveground biomass (AGB) change related to selective logging was regressed against metrics expressing forest changes calculated at a 0.25-ha resolution from a photogrammetric point cloud created using the DAPs before and after selective logging. The root-mean-square error and coefficient of determination were 0.77 and 9.32 Mg/ha, respectively. This study demonstrates that repeated DAPs taken from a lightweight UAV can be used to estimate changes in the AGB linked to selective logging. This method could be used to quantify the impacts of both legal selective logging and illegal logging in tropical forests.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.058

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.058

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has become a popular tool, especially in developing countries, for biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement, but there is a lack of studies that use quantitative data to evaluate the effectiveness of CBET using a before-after-control-intervention (BACI), BA, or CI design. We conducted a case study of the flagship Chambok CBET program in Cambodia to quantify the contribution of CBET to household income and livelihood changes for CBET and non-CBET members. We conducted an interview survey of 173 households (77 CBET and 96 non-CBET members) that were selected systematically from every two households along roads within the same villages. There was no significant difference between the total income of member and non-member households; the median CBET income was 1.22 USD per month, which is only 1.65&#37; of the total income. The inequality of income from CBET among the CBET members was higher than that from other income sources. The perceptions of livelihood changes differed considerably before and after the establishment of the Chambok CBET program, although this difference was not attributed to CBET but rather to general socioeconomic changes in the country. We conclude that it is challenging to employ CBET to achieve poverty reduction and livelihood improvement.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.036

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.036

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 by the authors. Shifting cultivation is a widely practiced agriculture system in the tropics. Regardless of the dominant land use, the dynamics of shifting cultivation over large areas are of limited knowledge. We conducted patch-based assessments and characterization of shifting cultivation extracted from already developed dataset, which detected shifting cultivation by a trajectory-based analysis using annual Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI time series images from 2000 to 2014 in Myanmar. An accuracy assessment was conducted in terms of the size and number of cleared areas compared with reference polygons of shifting cultivation, which were manually delineated by visual interpretation using Landsat and high-resolution satellite images from Google Earth™ in the selected areas. The producer's and user's accuracies in detecting the number of shifting cultivation patches were 78.1&#37; and 88.4&#37;, respectively. In whole study area, the probability of disturbances caused by shifting cultivation was significantly affected by distance to the nearest village, indicating the importance of accessibility from residences. The number of shifting cultivation patches showed a decreasing trend in this region and it will lead to less cleared forests such as located far from residences. These dynamics of shifting cultivation have possibility to affect the mosaic patterns of landscape and function maintained in the landscape in this region.

DOI： 10.3390/su10093350

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093350

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 by the authors. There is concern over the environmental impact of charcoal use for cooking in urban areas; however, studies have mainly been limited to Africa and South Asia. This investigation aimed to evaluate woodfuel consumption rates and patterns in an urban area in Yedashe Township, Myanmar and compared them with results from a rural area in the same township. From interviews with 66 urban households, it was evident that firewood and charcoal consumption rates in the urban areawere about one-third and one-fourth, respectively, of those in the rural area. These lowconsumption rates were because of multiple-fuel use (mainly woodfuel and electricity) in the urban area in contrast to single-fuel use in the rural area. We estimated the forest area required to meet woodfuel demand of the whole township to be 3738 ha; that could decrease by almost 40&#37; (1592 ha) if the single-fuel use in the rural area switched to the multiple-fuel methods used in the urban area. This study confirms that urbanization with an "energy stack" in multiple-fuel use, rather than an "energy ladder" from firewood to charcoal, could largely reduce the environmental impact on forests.

DOI： 10.3390/f9070429

Other Link： http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/7/429

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 by the authors. Community forestry (CF) is increasingly used in developing countries to achieve both the socioeconomic outcome of poverty reduction and an ecological outcome. There have been many single case studies in a specific region to identify the factors affecting the success or failure of CF. Other studies have used large-N data collected from multiple countries. However, there is a dearth of large-N studies within a single country. In this study, we used a country scale dataset of 197 CF projects, established between 1994 and 2005 across Cambodia, to identify the biophysical factors that affected forest cover changes from 2005 to 2016. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used for a total of 71,252 randomly sampled data pixels nested in the 197 CF. Results showed that deforestation in CF was likely to increase with increasing size of CF area at lower elevations and on gentler slopes. Deforestation also increased if CF was located close to villages, markets and CF boundaries, but further away from main roads. These findings on biophysical factors can help the government to decide on priority locations for further conservation interventions or for the establishment of new CF projects.

DOI： 10.3390/f9050273

Other Link： http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/5/273

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 The Japanese Forest Society. Monitoring forest changes based on numerous satellite images has been recently conducted in the tropics. Preparation of a time series of satellite images, sometimes referred to as preprocessing, is essential for conducting robust detection of forest change. To create consistent and stable conditions in satellite images, the best methods have to be used in each step to correct various sources of noise. This study assessed three atmospheric correction methods, six topographic correction methods, and eight gap-filling methods to produce the best possible time series of Landsat images of tropical seasonal forests. The results showed that the best methods for atmospheric and topographic correction were relative corrections using a Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS), which is based on a 6S radiative transfer model, and the C-correction, respectively. Weighted linear regression and multiple linear regression models were selected as the best models for the filling of data gaps associated with Scan Line Corrector-off and clouds, respectively. This study provided the best possible image preprocessing for trajectory-based change detection using annual Landsat images. Although the best possible preprocessing methods might vary depending on the change detection methods used in different study areas, the results highlight the preferable preprocessing methods, even for different types of time series analysis.

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2018.1434034

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2018.1434034

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 by the authors. Developing countries that intend to implement the United Nations REDD-plus (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and the role of forest conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) framework and obtain economic incentives are required to estimate changes in forest carbon stocks based on the IPCC guidelines. In this study, we developed a method to support REDD-plus implementation by estimating tropical forest aboveground biomass (AGB) by combining airborne LiDAR with very-high-spatial-resolution satellite data. We acquired QuickBird satellite images of Kampong Thom, Cambodia in 2011 and airborne LiDAR measurements in some parts of the same area. After haze reduction and atmospheric correction of the satellite data, we calibrated reflectance values from the mean reflectance of the objects (obtained by segmentation from areas of overlap between dates) to reduce the effects of the observation angle and solar elevation. Then, we performed object-based classification using the satellite data (overall accuracy = 77.0&#37;, versus 92.9&#37; for distinguishing forest from non-forest land). We used a two-step method to estimate AGB and map it in a tropical environment in Cambodia. First, we created a multiple-regression model to estimate AGB from the LiDAR data and plotted field-surveyed AGB values against AGB values predicted by the LiDAR-based model (R2 = 0.90, RMSE = 38.7 Mg/ha), and calculated reflectance values in each band of the satellite data for the analyzed objects. Then, we created a multiple-regression model using AGB predicted by the LiDAR-based model as the dependent variable and the mean and standard deviation of the reflectance values in each band of the satellite data as the explanatory variables (R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 42.8 Mg/ha). We calculated AGB of all objects, divided the results into density classes, and mapped the resulting AGB distribution. Our results suggest that this approach can provide the forest carbon stock per unit area values required to support REDD-plus.

DOI： 10.3390/rs10030438

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030438

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Firewood and charcoal are the main energy sources in developing countries, but much fewer quantitative data have been collected for charcoal consumption. This study compared firewood and charcoal consumption rates and patterns in a rural area of Yedashe Township, Myanmar. Household interviews were conducted for randomly selected households, resulting in 147 firewood users and 34 charcoal users. Forest inventory data was used to estimate forest area needed to meet woodfuel demand. Average per capita consumption rates were 780 and 280 kg year−1 for firewood and charcoal, respectively. Distinct differences were found in fuel sources and sizes; only 16&#37; of firewood was collected from living trees in natural forests, of which 72&#37; was from trees <10 cm diameter, whereas 100&#37; of the wood for charcoal was harvested from this source from 10 to 40 cm diameter. The per capita demand for forest-originated green-wood with ≥10 cm diameter was 1190 kg for charcoal, which is 33 times more than that for firewood. The forest area needed to meet the per capita demand for charcoal was 820 m2, which is 23-fold larger than that for firewood. The estimated forest area to meet the current woodfuel demand from the rural population was 3430 ha year−1, being 3.0&#37; of the forest area within the distance <5 km from the villages. This demand of forest area for woodfuel supply can be increased up to 15,440 ha (13&#37;) along with increasing shares of charcoal users, resulting in a high risk of further forest degradation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.12.011

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.12.011

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2017 Universitas Brawijaya. This study evaluated the uncertainty of individual tree biomass estimated by allometric models by both including and excluding tree height independently. Using two independent sets of measurements on the same trees, the errors in the measurement of diameter at breast height and tree height were quantified, and the uncertainty of individual tree biomass estimation caused by errors in measurement was calculated. For both allometric models, the uncertainties of the individual tree biomass estimation caused by the use of a specific allometric model were also calculated. Finally, the overall uncertainty of individual tree biomass by combining the two uncertainties was calculated. The allometric model including tree height was 6 &#37; more accurate than that excluding tree height when the uncertainty caused by allometric models became the only consideration. However, in terms of the uncertainty caused by measurement, the allometric model excluding tree height was three times more accurate than allometric model including tree height. As a result, the allometric model excluding tree height was 5 &#37; more accurate than the allometric model including tree height when both causes of uncertainty, the allometric model and measurement errors were considered. In conclusion, errors in tree height measurement have the potential to increase the error of aboveground biomass estimation.

DOI： 10.17503/agrivita.v40i1.1730

Other Link： https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/view/1730/902

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2017 by the authors. Here, we investigated the capabilities of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric point cloud for estimating forest biophysical properties in managed temperate coniferous forests in Japan, and the importance of spectral information for the estimation. We estimated four biophysical properties: stand volume (V), Lorey's mean height (HL), mean height (HA), and max height (HM). We developed three independent variable sets, which included a height variable, a spectral variable, and a combined height and spectral variable. The addition of a dominant tree type to the above data sets was also tested. The model including a height variable and dominant tree type was the best for all biophysical property estimations. The root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) for the best model for V, HL, HA, and HM, were 118.30, 1.13, 1.24, and 1.24, respectively. The model including a height variable alone yielded the second highest accuracy. The respective RMSEs were 131.74, 1.21, 1.31, and 1.32. The model including a spectral variable alone yielded much lower estimation accuracy than that including a height variable. Thus, a lightweight UAV photogrammetric point cloud could accurately estimate forest biophysical properties, and a spectral variable was not necessarily required for the estimation. The dominant tree type improved estimation accuracy.

DOI： 10.3390/f8090343

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8090343

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2017 The Japanese Forest Society. We quantified the differences in growth responses between Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa trees in approximately 0.1-ha group selection openings in southern Japan. We measured the position, height (H), and diameter at ground level (D) of 6- and 13-year-old C. japonica and C. obtusa trees that were planted in two respective openings. The annual H and D growth of C. japonica increased until trees were 10 and 8 m, respectively, distant from the nearest edge of the opening. For C. obtusa, the annual H and D growth increased slightly until the trees were 6 m distant from the nearest edge, but they did not significantly differ between 6 and 18 m distant from the nearest edge. While the shortest distance from the edge explained 63&#37; and 50&#37; of the variationsal H and D growth, respectively, of C. obtusa. Our result demonstrates that C. obtusa is less sensitive to edge effects than C. japonica. We conclude that C. obtusa is likely to be more suitable than C. japonica for planting within 0.1-ha group openings, as it will result in faster early stage growth, with less variation, within the openings.

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2017.1283978

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1283978

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2017 The Japanese Forest Society. Estimation of the current successional status of long-lived coniferous forests is difficult especially after several hundred years of human disturbance. However, in Cryptomeria japonica forest on Yakushima Island, the stumps generated by logging activities from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries remain almost intact without intense rotting. From an inventory of these stumps and long-term monitoring of current stands for more than 25 years, we estimated the forest condition before logging and evaluated the current status of secondary succession. The size structure of Cr. japonica stumps suggested the stumps were composed of two different generations: the stumps of trees present before initiation of logging; and those of trees that regenerated after initiation of logging. In the current forest, the stem number of canopy species is decreasing and that of understory broad-leaved species is increasing. Regenerating Cr. japonica individuals are rare. Before the logging, the forest contained a larger number of larger Cr. japonica trees than the current forest. The results of monitoring the current forest suggested that all coniferous species, including Cr. japonica, were still undergoing self-thinning. The current Cr. japonica forest is in an intermediate stage of secondary succession, but the processes of succession are markedly different between the study plots, depending on their location or previous logging intensity.

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2016.1273085

Other Link： http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13416979.2016.1273085

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Reduced-impact logging (RIL) is widely expected to maximize conservation values of selectively logged tropical forests; however, there remains a lack of supporting data to confirm the effectiveness of individual RIL practices. This study evaluates the extent of damage to residual stands and soil caused by directional felling, elephant skidding, and road construction in a tropical mixed deciduous forest under the Myanmar Selection System (MSS). The felling damage number was consistently larger for bamboo clumps than for trees over the range of felled tree size and felling intensity. Soil disturbed by road construction made up 4.6&#37; of the 9-ha study area, but no visible damage to residual trees and soil from elephant skidding was found three months after the operation. Directional felling toward bamboos and elephant skidding of MSS are effective as RIL practices, producing the lowest level of damage to residual trees and soil as compared with other RIL studies.

DOI： 10.1505/146554816819501718

Other Link： http://www.cfa-international.org/international_forestry_review.php

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. In this study, we evaluated the effects of topographic correction and gap filling of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images on the accuracy of forest change detection through a trajectory-based approach. Four types of Landsat time series stacks (LTSS) were generated. These stacks resulted from combinations of topographically corrected and uncorrected imagery combined with gap-filled and unfilled stacks. These combinations of stacks were then used as input into a trajectory-based change detection. The results of change detection from trajectory-based analysis using these LTSS were compared in order to assess the effects of both topographic correction and gap-filling procedures on the ability to detect forest disturbances. The results showed that overall accuracies of change detection were improved after gap filling (10.5&#37; and 7.5&#37;), but were only slightly improved after topographic correction (3.6&#37; and 0.6&#37;). Although the gap-filling process introduced some uncertainty that might have caused false change detection, the number of pixels whose detection of disturbance was enhanced after gap filling exceeded those detecting false change. The results also showed that the topographic correction did not contribute much to improve the change detection in this study area. However, topographic correction has a potential to increase the accuracy of change detection in areas of more rugged terrain and steep slopes. This is because a direct relationship between the slope of the topography with topographic correction and an enhanced detection of disturbance in pixels from year to year was observed in this study. For robust change detection, we recommend that a gap-filling process should be included in the trajectory-based analysis procedures such as the one used in this study where a single image per year is used to characterize change. We also recommend that in areas of rugged terrain, a topographic correction in the image pre-processing should be implemented.

DOI： 10.1080/01431161.2016.1201230

Other Link： http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tres20/current

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2016 The Authors. Appropriate cutting cycles and annual allowable cuts are crucial to ensure sustainability of tropical selective logging, but there have been limited field data to verify long-term effects of different cutting cycles. This study reveals some evidence of forest degradation in selectively logged production forests of Myanmar, which are subject to inappropriate cutting frequency. We compared stand structure, commercial species composition, and incidence of illegal logging between two compartments with low (LCF; 1 time) and high (HCF; 5 times) cutting frequency over a recent 18 years. Prior to the latest cutting, LCF had 176 trees ha-1 with an inverted-J shape distribution of diameter at breast height (DBH), including a substantial amount of teak (Tectona grandis) and other commercially important species in each DBH class. HCF prior to the latest cut had only 41 trees ha-1 without many commercially important species. At HCF, nearly half the standing trees of various species and size were illegally cut following legal operations; this was for charcoal making in nearby kilns. At LCF, two species, teak and Xylia xylocarpa, were cut illegally and sawn for timber on the spot. More extensive and systematic surveys are needed to generalize the findings of forest degradation and illegal logging. However, our study calls for urgent reconsideration of logging practices with high cutting frequency, which can greatly degrade forests with accompanying illegal logging, and for rehabilitating strongly degraded, bamboo-dominated forests. To reduce illegal logging, it would be important to pay more attention on a MSS regulation stating that logging roads should be destroyed after logging operations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.06.001

Other Link： http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989416300622

Language：English  

© 2016 The Authors. Adoption of the Paris Agreement suggests the urgent need for developing countries to establish a forest reference emission level (FREL) if they wish to seek financial support to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Analysis of past trends of deforestation is important for establishing a FREL, but so far only a handful of studies exist on such analysis at the commune level. We used the available data of forest cover in 2002 and 2006 and forest inventory data to analyze forest cover and carbon stock changes according to seven forest types at commune level in Cambodia. Carbon stocks were estimated in four carbon pools, namely aboveground, belowground, litter and deadwood pools. This analysis formed the basis for determining the FREL at national and provincial levels in Cambodia. We found that carbon emissions due to deforestation were 82.2 TgCO2 yr-1, but carbon sinks (removals) due to increase of forest cover were 72.3 TgCO2 yr-1, representing the net emission loss of 9.9 TgCO2 yr-1 between 2002 and 2006. Taking the trend of deforestation between 2002 and 2006 as a baseline, FREL for a 30-year timeframe was estimated for six time intervals. FRELs at national level were estimated to be 26.8 to 69.2 TgCO2 yr-1 or up to 36&#37; of the total greenhouse gas emissions in Cambodia. Our study provides a first look at how to set subnational and national FRELs for Cambodia using a retrospective approach. Such a framework could form a useful basis for Cambodia to adopt the national and subnational FRELs, for which effective policies can be developed to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.05.004

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2015 The Authors. Understanding carbon stocks relative to tree species is important for managing tropical forests in a way that will result in the carbon emission reductions and biodiversity conservation required under the REDD+ scheme. Here we analyse inventory data from 179 sample plots in semi-evergreen forests of three provinces in Cambodia. Across all study sites, 5,995 trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥10 cm, comprising 79 species from 38 families, were analysed. Tree species of the Dipterocarpaceae were most common (10 species), followed by the species of Caesalpinaceae, Combretaceae and Ebenaceae. Analysis of relative carbon stocks (RCS) suggested that Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz (RCS=14.3&#37;), Syzygium sp. (6.8&#37;), Shorea vulgaris (5.0&#37;), Irvingia malayana (4.8&#37;), Anisoptera costata Kort (4.6&#37;), Vatica astrotricha (4.2&#37;), and Dehaasia cuneata Blume (3.8&#37;) together accounted for 43.6&#37; of the total average carbon stocks of 99.8±4.8 MgC ha-1. We found that carbon stock is highly correlated to basal area (R2=0.993) but not to stem density (R2=0.153). Using carbon stock values, we estimated the carbon emission due to deforestation of semi-evergreen forests to be 8.3 TgCO2 year-1 in Cambodia between 2002 and 2010. These emissions and the loss of 79 tree species in our study sites could be avoided if financial incentives were available for protecting semi-evergreen forests in Cambodia.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.11.007

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.11.007

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Logging damage to residual trees is one of the fundamental components in evaluating the sustainability of tropical selective logging in terms of timber production, carbon retention and biodiversity conservation. Although many studies have taken an area-based approach to tropical rain forests, we adopted a tree-based approach to quantify the dependence of residual tree damage on the size of residual and felled trees. We used data from 179 plots, each 25. m. ×. 40. m, covering the stump and crown of one felled tree in Cambodian tropical semi-evergreen forests. We used the mixed-effects multinomial logistic regression model to predict the probability of a residual tree sustaining severe, slight or no damage. Increasing size of residual trees decreased the probability of severe damage and increased that of slight damage. The probability of total damage (severe plus slight) was nearly constant, regardless of the size of residual trees. Increasing size of the felled tree caused greater probability of severe damage, but did not influence the probability of slight damage. Interestingly, our prediction of total damage rate from the tree-based modeling approach of the Cambodian semi-evergreen forests is very consistent with the findings of previous studies using the area-based approach in Indonesia. The departure of our study results from those of other studies may be explained by differences in felled tree size and terrain slope. The inclusion of tree-size dependence in logging damage estimation would increase its accuracy and comparability across different types of tropical forests.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.031

Other Link： http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715003576

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2015, The Japanese Forest Society and Springer Japan. The positive and negative effects of the residual stand edge at a strip-clearcut site were examined on the initial growth of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) planted in areas with diverse topography. On the south edge, the gap light index was lower than on the north edge and strip center; however, the vapor pressure deficit was also lower than on the north edge and strip center, which resulted in lower physiological stress of hinoki on the south edge. Tree size on the south edge did not exceed that on the north edge and strip center. These results indicated that low light conditions due to residual trees negatively affected growth on the south edge even under the positive effect of microclimate alleviation. In valley, tree size in the second year after planting was smaller than on ridge and slope; however, tree growth during the following 2 years was higher in valley. Surface soil in valley was thinner with rockier substrates than on ridge and slope; that is, soil sedimentation type and substrates influenced the initial growth of hinoki with undeveloped roots, and after that, topography started to influence growth, probably because hinoki roots penetrated into deeper soil, which is influenced by the water gathering capacity of the valley. The initial growth of hinoki at the strip-clearcut site was predominantly affected by light rather than microclimate alleviation. This alleviation is expected to disappear when hinoki trees planted in the strip center grow enough to give additional shade to slow-growing edge hinoki.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-015-0508-z

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-015-0508-z

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2015, The Japanese Forest Society and Springer Japan. We developed an empirical model to estimate aboveground carbon density with variables derived from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in tropical seasonal forests in Cambodia, and assessed the effects of LiDAR pulse density on the accurate estimation of aboveground carbon density. First, we tested the applicability of variables used for estimating aboveground carbon density with the original LiDAR pulse density data (26 pulse m−2). Aboveground carbon density was regressed against variables derived from airborne LiDAR. Three individual height variable models were developed along with a canopy density model, and three other models combined canopy height and canopy density variables. The influence of forest type on model accuracy was also assessed. Next, the relationship between pulse density and estimation accuracy was investigated using the best regression model. The accuracy of the models were compared based on seven LiDAR point densities consisting of 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 pulse m−2. The best model was obtained using the single mean canopy height (MCH) model (R2 = 0.92) with the original pulse density data. The relationship between MCH and aboveground carbon density was found to be consistent under different forest types. The differences between predicted and measured residual mean of squares of deviations were less than 1.5 Mg C ha−1 between each pulse density. We concluded that aboveground carbon density can be estimated using MCH derived from airborne LiDAR in tropical seasonal forests in Cambodia even with a low pulse density of 0.25 pulse m−2 without stratifying the study area based on forest type.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-015-0504-3

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-015-0504-3

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Ecological communities including tropical rainforest are rapidly changing under various disturbances caused by increasing human activities. Recently in Cambodia, illegal logging and clear-felling for agriculture have been increasing. Here, we study the effects of logging, mortality and recruitment of plot trees on phylogenetic community structure in 32 plots in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. Each plot was 0.25 ha; 28 plots were established in primary evergreen forests and four were established in secondary dry deciduous forests. Measurements were made in 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2010, and logging, recruitment and mortality of each tree were recorded. We estimated phylogeny using rbcL and matK gene sequences and quantified phylogenetic a and b diversity. Within communities, logging decreased phylogenetic diversity, and increased overall phylogenetic clustering and terminal phylogenetic evenness. Between communities, logging increased phylogenetic similarity between evergreen and deciduous plots. On the other hand, recruitment had opposite effects both within and between communities. The observed patterns can be explained by environmental homogenization under logging. Logging is biased to particular species and larger diameter at breast height, and forest patrol has been effective in decreasing logging.

DOI： 10.1098/rstb.2014.0008

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2014 by the authors. licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate accuracy of tree height measurements of manual stereo viewing on a computer display using digital aerial photographs compared with airborne LiDAR height measurements; and (2) develop an empirical model to estimate stand-level aboveground biomass with variables derived from manual stereo viewing on the computer display in a Cambodian tropical seasonal forest. We evaluate observation error of tree height measured from the manual stereo viewing, based on field measurements. RMSEs of tree height measurement with manual stereo viewing and LiDAR were 1.96 m and 1.72 m, respectively. Then, stand-level aboveground biomass is regressed against tree height indices derived from the manual stereo viewing. We determined the best model to estimate aboveground biomass in terms of the Akaike's information criterion. This was a model of mean tree height of the tallest five trees in each plot (R2 = 0.78; RMSE = 58.18 Mg/ha). In conclusion, manual stereo viewing on the computer display can measure tree height accurately and is useful to estimate aboveground stand biomass.

DOI： 10.3390/land3041270

Other Link： http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/3/4/1270

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. In central Cambodia, rapidly growing non-endemic species are often planted for timber production. The introduction of non-endemic species into stands with native species has been found to alter the forest transpiration characteristics in this region with distinct dry and rainy seasons defined by the different rainfall patterns. However, less is understood about the underlying processes, especially the ecophysiological characteristics of native species that are adapted to the highly seasonal environments and the non-endemic species that acclimate to those environments. Leaf ecophysiological traits were measured for two native and two representative non-endemic tree species in central Cambodia to examine whether species-specific seasonal trends in transpiration could be explained by leaf ecophysiological traits. Photosynthetic capacity as represented by the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax25) of each species remained constant in the rainy and dry seasons. Native species had high stomatal conductance (gsw) and the parameter for its response to the environments (m) in the rainy season and lower levels in the dry season. Additionally, the seasonal change in gsw for non-endemic species was less clear despite the seasonality in the tree-level transpiration. A multi-layer model that incorporated the measured data related to the leaf ecophysiological traits and their seasonal changes successfully reproduced the daily canopy-scale transpiration rate (Ecanopy). The modeled Ecanopy successfully reproduced most of the seasonal and day-to-day changes in measured Ecanopy using sap flux measurements and showed the strong control of leaf ecophysiological traits over Ecanopy and the species-specific seasonal trends. Two reduction events in measured Ecanopy were, however, not explained by the simulation, possibly as a result of species-specific factors that were not considered in this study, i.e., the reduction in water uptake by a native species caused by drought and the hypoxic effects of flooding on the roots of a non-endemic species.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.08.013

Other Link： http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192314002044

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In central Cambodia, rapid growing non-endemic species are planted for future timber production. However, less is understood about the impact of the introduction of non-endemic species on the transpiration characteristics of the forest, which has been composed of native species that adapted to the highly seasonal environments. Sap flux of two native and one non-endemic tree species in central Cambodia was measured to reveal its seasonal trends and variability in the Monsoon Asia region. Measurements were carried out in a 10- to 15-year-old forest in the dry and rainy seasons that were defined by differing rainfall patterns. The seasonal trend in depth to water table differed from that of rainfall; groundwater table depth reached zero late in the rainy season and increased gradually after the onset of the dry season. The ratio of sap flux to an equilibrium evaporation condition of the native species, Popel (Shorea roxburghii), showed a sharp decline at the end of the dry season, whereas that of a non-endemic species, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), decreased in the mid rainy season while Tbeng (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius) did not show a clear trend. The ratio of sap flux to an equilibrium evaporation was negatively correlated with the depth to water table in Popel, but was positively correlated in eucalyptus, possibly because of the negative effects of flooding. In addition to the large seasonal variation, intra-species variation in sap flux was also large and was a major controlling factor for tree-level water uptake at this young forest site in both dry and rainy seasons. In conclusion, the transpiration characteristics of this forest were species-specific and were controlled more by the fluctuating depths to groundwater rather than the onset of the rainy/dry seasons defined by rainfall events. © 2014.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.049

Other Link： http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169414003230

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.20659/jfp.19.2_53

Language：English  

DOI： 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.06.009

Other Link： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.06.009

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Implementing effective conservation requires an understanding of factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation. Previous studies have investigated factors affecting deforestation, while few studies have examined the determinants of both of deforestation and forest degradation for more than one period. To address this gap, this study examined factors influencing deforestation and forest degradation during 1989-2000 and 2000-2005 in the Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar. We applied multinomial logistic regression (MNL) using land cover maps derived from Landsat images as the dependent variables as well as spatial and biophysical factors as the independent variables. The MNL models revealed influences of the determinants on deforestation and forest degradation changes over time. For example, during 1989-2000, deforestation from closed forest was positively correlated to the distance from the park boundary and was negatively correlated with distance from villages, roads, the park circular road, slope, western aspect and elevation. On the other hand, during 2000-2005, deforestation of closed forest was positively correlated with distance from villages, roads, the park circular road, slope and western aspect, and negatively correlated with distance from the park boundary and elevation. Similar scenarios were observed for the deforestation of open forest and forest degradation of closed forest. The study also found most of the determinants influenced deforestation and forest degradation differently. The changes in determinants of deforestation and forest degradation over time might be attributable to the general decrease in resource availability and to the effect of conservation measures conducted by the park. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

DOI： 10.1007/s00267-012-9968-5

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9968-5

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Globalization and urbanization have significantly increased the food and non-food commodity demand for the last century, and it is vital to consider a business strategy with economical and ecological sustainability. The objective of this study was to project the contribution of wood to the financial performance of rubber plantations. We adopted cost and revenue data of rubber plantations in Cambodia and utilized land expectation value (LEV) as the criterion for profitability analysis. Among the top-ten rubber-producing countries in pan-tropics, the areas of rubber plantation were equivalent to from 1&#37; to 90&#37; of forest plantations and 0.3&#37;-10.2&#37; of total forest areas. Rubberwood revenue accounts for about 4&#37;-10&#37; of the 30th year LEV in rubber plantations at discount rates of 2&#37; y-1-10&#37; y-1, and this was sufficient to cover the cost of re-establishing the plantations. The proportion of the 30th year LEV contributed by wood revenue increased under conditions normally associated with a more difficult business environment, i.e., at higher wage costs, and lower latex revenue. We found that the wood revenue can improve the profitability of rubber plantations by up to 40&#37; depending on the price of the rubberwood. We assert that timber from wood producing commodity plantations should be encouragingly utilized as industrial timber by linking the wood production in the management strategy of the plantations. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.011

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.011

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The attitudes and perceptions of local people are important for long-term survival of protected areas. Some studies have shown that people's perceptions and attitudes are shaped by knowledge about protected area goals and characteristics and related to socioeconomic factors. In this study, socioeconomic status, knowledge of protected area characteristics, perceptions of benefits and costs of protected areas, and attitudes toward two management programs were examined for people in 208 households from 14 villages around Popa Mountain Park, Central Myanmar. Approximately 50&#37; of respondents had basic knowledge about the park; 38&#37; perceived benefits and 45&#37; perceived losses due to the park. Approximately half held positive attitudes toward buffer zone establishment and replacement of banana plantations. Logistic regression revealed that perceptions of benefits and positive attitudes toward management were correlated with both sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge, while perceptions of losses and negative attitudes toward management were influenced by economic concerns. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/08941920.2011.620597

Other Link： http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941920.2011.620597

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics have importance to the global carbon budget and biodiversity conservation disproportionately greater than the area concerned. Many studies have examined the patterns and processes of deforestation, but information about factors influencing forest degradation is still limited. In this study, we examined the factors influencing both deforestation and forest degradation in production forests of the central Bago Mountain area, Myanmar, which have been managed under the Myanmar Selection System (MSS) since 1856. We used forest canopy density maps derived from 1989 and 2006 satellite imagery together with environmental factors, locational attributes and selective logging records in logistic regression models. Our results showed that elevation and distance to the nearest town strongly influenced the likelihood of both deforestation and forest degradation, while logging intensity and distance to the nearest village were correlated only with the likelihood of forest degradation and not deforestation. We conclude that selective logging in this study area does not cause forest degradation provided that logging intensity is below the allowable cut prescribed under the MSS, but above that intensity, the likelihood of forest degradation increases markedly. © 2011 Elsevier B.V..

DOI： 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.036

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.036

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although a number of image classification approaches are available to estimate forest canopy density (FCD) using satellite data, assessment of their relative performances with tropical mixed deciduous vegetation is lacking. This study compared three image classification approaches - maximum likelihood classification (MLC), multiple linear regression (MLR) and FCD Mapper - in estimating the FCD of mixed deciduous forest in Myanmar. The application of MLC and MLR was based on spectral reflectance of vegetation, whereas FCD Mapper was operated on integrating the biophysical indices derived from the reflectance of the vegetation. The FCD was classified into four categories: closed canopy forest (CCF; FCD ≥ 70&#37;), medium canopy forest (MCF; 40&#37; ≥ FCD < 70&#37;), open canopy forest (OCF; 10&#37; ≥ FCD < 40&#37;) and non-forest (NF; FCD < 10&#37;). In the three classification approaches, producer's and user's accuracies were higher for more homogeneous vegetation such as NF and CCF than for heterogeneous vegetation density (VD) such as OCF and MCF. FCD Mapper produced the best overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. This study revealed that only spectral reflectance is not enough to get good results in estimating FCD in tropical mixed deciduous vegetation. This study indicates that FCD Mapper, an inexpensive approach because it requires only validation data and thus saves time, can be applied to monitor tropical mixed deciduous vegetation over time at lower cost than alternative methods. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/01431161.2010.549851

Other Link： http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2010.549851

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We investigated the relationships between the light environment beneath a forest canopy and stand attributes, i.e., culm density and total basal area, in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens. Mazel ex Houz. based on a thinning experiment. A 15. m. ×. 15. m plot was established in the stand and 10 successive thinning regimes were performed, so that thinning ratio by the number of culm for each thinning was approximately 5&#37;. The digital hemispherical photographs were taken before and after each thinning, and the sky factor was computed as a measure of light environment from the photographs. The light environment became brighter and homogeneous as the thinning regimes progressed. The culm density was a good predictor of the light environment, and the relationship between sky factor and culm density could be well expressed by an exponential equation. Because of the larger culm sizes and total leaf area, the change in light environment with thinning was more sensitive in the P. pubescens stand than Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. stands examined in previous studies. This suggested that species characteristics should be carefully considered when elaborating culm density control for improving light environment in bamboo stands. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.09.007

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.09.007

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Context: In long-term forest monitoring, tree crown condition has been visually rated to diagnose tree vigor and forest condition. However, visual estimates are subjective. A semiautomatic image analysis system, called CROCO, was developed to estimate crown condition quantitatively. CROCO calculates a DSO value which decrease with increasing crown transparency. Aims: This study aims to verify visual estimates objectively using CROCO and to assess characteristics of visual estimates and DSO values by comparing the effectiveness as indicators of radial growth. Methods:Crown condition of Abies mariesii was visually rated using a vitality index, and DSO values of the same trees were calculated.Results: When the top of the tree was intact, the trees with a higher vitality index showed a significantly higher DSO. Vitality index showed the strongest relationship with DBH increment for 8 years. DSO had a significant relationship with DBH increment by adding information of the crown top condition. Conclusion: Analysis of tree crown images is effective to verify visual estimates. Vitality index is a synthetic index involving factors affecting radial growth. DSO could be utilized similarly to vitality index, as an indicator of radial growth, by addition of information on crown size and/or shape. © 2011 INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s13595-011-0132-9

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0132-9

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We evaluated the influence of texture information from remote sensed data on the accuracy of forest type classification at different spatial resolutions. We used 4-m spatial resolution imagery to create five different sets of imagery with lower spatial resolutions down to 30 m. We classified forest type using spectral information alone, texture information alone, and spectral and texture information combined at each spatial resolution, and compared the classification accuracy at each resolution. The classification and regression tree method was used for classification. The accuracy of all three tests decreased slightly with lower spatial resolution. The accuracy with the combined data was generally higher than with either the spectral or texture information alone. At most resolutions, the lowest accuracy was with texture information alone. However, there was no clear difference in accuracy between the combined data and spectral data alone at 25- and 30-m spatial resolution. These results indicate that adding texture information to spatial information improves the accuracy of forest type classification from very high resolution (4-m spatial resolution) to medium resolution imagery (20-m spatial resolution), but this accuracy improvement does not appear to hold for relatively coarse resolution imagery (25- to 30-m spatial resolution). © 2011 The Japanese Forest Society and Springer.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-010-0233-6

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although several studies have reported that rule-based methods are better than other image classification methods, no study has quantified their performance for tropical deciduous vegetation classification. We compared rule-based and maximum likelihood classification (MLC) approaches in classifying tropical deciduous vegetation in Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar. Classification was primarily based on Thematic Mapper (TM) bands of multi-season Landsat images, normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs), NDVI differences, mean NDVI and elevation (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer digital elevation model (Aster DEM)). We used two main approaches for classification, a single-step approach in which all vegetation types were classified in one procedure, and a two-step approach in which forest and non-forest were discriminated first and then forest was classified into additional classes. Each of those approaches was conducted with and without elevation under the rule-based and MLC approaches, yielding eight separate methods. The two-step approaches generated more accurate results and all classifications improved markedly when elevation was included. The rule-based two-step with elevation approach produced the best overall accuracy and reliability. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

DOI： 10.1080/01431161.2010.531779

Other Link： http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2010.531779

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We estimated the production of rubberwood from 1996 to 2011 in Cambodia. We employed data from interview surveys with three rubberwood processing companies and statistics from estate rubber plantations and wood retailing companies. The result was that the end use of rubberwood in Cambodia was the sawntimber products, being exported to Vietnam and China. The yield rate from rubberwood stumpage into sawn timber was between 11.6 and 14.9%, closely matching the rates of Malaysia and Thailand. The average production of rubberwood roundwood from 1996 to 2011 was 254,697 m3/year, of which sawn timber as well as residuals in secondary processing was 84,559 and 170,138 m3/year, respectively. Although the timber production of Cambodia has declined sharply due to the strict restriction of natural forest logging, rubberwood could explain more than 60% of the domestic industrial roundwood production from 2000. We suggest the necessity of monitoring the expansion of rubber plantations in new rubber producing countries and linking the rubberwood production with the regional wood resource management. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s11056-010-9243-7

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Tropical forests are highly threatened by human activities, even within the protected areas that have been established to conserve biodiversity. Human activities may have different degrees of impact on vegetation structure, composition and diversity. Some studies have measured direct evidence of human activities in forming disturbance gradients, while others have quantified canopy cover as a proxy for disturbance. When measurement is confined to human activities, disturbance may be underestimated in areas of poor canopy cover where forest degrading activities have ceased. Where measurements are restricted to canopy cover, disturbance may be underestimated in areas of extensive canopy cover that may have been subject to past disturbances, and overestimated for areas where canopy cover is naturally sparse. Combining indicators of past and present disturbances is therefore necessary to examine the full spectrum of human disturbances. Forest vegetation in Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar was surveyed and classified into three levels of disturbance-undisturbed, medium disturbed and highly disturbed-derived from evidence of cutting and canopy cover. The forests are second or third growth after clearing for agriculture in the early 20th century. All trees with ≥10cm diameter at breast height in 168 sample plots (10m × 10m) were identified and measured. Density, basal area and diversity decreased and dominance rose when disturbance increased. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) clearly discriminated three forest stands and CCA axes were significantly correlated to soil moisture, soil nitrogen, elevation, slope, aspect, distance from park boundary and distance from villages. Abstract in Myanmar is available at. © 2011 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2011 by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00753.x

Other Link： http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00753.x/abstract

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We examined the contribution of rubberwood to the timber export markets of Malaysia and Thailand. In Malaysia, rubberwood has grown from 26% of total exported wood products in 1998 to 35% in 2007. A high proportion of furniture products (80%) is rubberwood, whereas the contribution of rubberwood to other wooden products is less than 20%. Only 10% of sawn timber and logs is rubberwood. In Thailand, rubberwood contributes to around 60% of total exported wood products, arising from a high share of not only furniture products (70%) but also other wood products (around 50%) and sawn timber and logs, which have increased in share from 40% in 1998 to 79% in 2007. We conclude that the high proportion of rubberwood products in the wood export markets of these two countries is a result of: (1) scarcity of raw wood materials because of strict controls on the logging of natural forests; and (2) governmental support to rubberwood production, including financial support to rubber planters and technical assistance to downstream timber processors. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s11056-010-9219-7

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study presents the effects of operator bias and variation in interactive thresholding on the estimation of light environment using hemispherical photography. Twenty-one hemispherical photographs taken beneath a wide range of canopy densities were visually converted to binary images twice by 21 operators, and then the gap fraction was computed from the images. The interactive threshold varied greatly among the different operators and within a single operator, which resulted in a considerable operator bias and variation in the gap fraction. This study also compared three widely used automatic thresholding algorithms, which were installed in freely available software LIA for Win32 for analyzing hemispherical photography, with interactive thresholding using the same photographs. The median of the interactive threshold by repetitive interactive thresholdings from 21 operators was assumed to be correct for the comparison. The results indicated that MINIMUM was considered to be a better algorithm than the other ones installed in LIA32 when the gap fraction was over 10%. However, VARIANCE seemed to be superior to MINIMUM under the low gap fraction and the cloudy sky condition with dark and white clouds. This implied that MINIMUM or VARIANCE should be used for analyzing hemispherical photographs with LIA32. In conclusion, we need to pay attention to the selection of the automatic thresholding algorithm and the sky condition when taking hemispherical photographs.

DOI： 10.17221/68/2010-jfs

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The lumber from sugi plantations in Japan displays large intra- and intertree variation in mechanical properties, even within a stand. These variations seem to be induced by the effects of the characteristics of cultivars as well as the effects of growth traits on mechanical properties. Therefore, the effects of growth traits on mechanical properties per cultivar need to be precisely examined. In this study, we focused on the effects of growth traits, especially height-to-diameter ratio (H/D ratio), on stem stiffness per cultivar. Sixteen cultivars were classified into three groups according to the relationships between stem stiffness and growth traits. In cultivars that showed a close correlation between growth traits and stem stiffness, it was assumed that stem stiffness could be controlled to a certain extent by silvicultural practices using the H/D ratio as an indicator. In cultivars that showed a weak correlation between growth traits and stem stiffness, selecting cultivars for the production of logs with higher mechanical properties seemed to be effective; in this study, Kumotoshi, Tanoaka, and Edanaga were found to be suitable. Tree age and site index may be important factors for producing wood with higher mechanical properties. © 2009 The Japan Wood Research Society.

DOI： 10.1007/s10086-009-1060-2

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-009-1060-2

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The mountain zone of Yakushima Island is covered with a mixed conifer-broadleaved forest dominated by old-growth Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don trees. Even though Yakushima Island has been frequently struck by typhoons with wind velocities exceeding 55 m s-1, the Cr. japonica trees in the mountain zone have survived for thousands of years without fatal damage. To evaluate the effect of storms on tree growth, the relationships between the stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and the heights of Cr. japonica and coexistent tree species were investigated. Two models based on an expanded allometric equation and a discontinuous piecewise allometric equation, respectively, to represent DBH-height relationships were evaluated. In all plots, the DBH-height relationship of Cr. japonica was discontinuous between small DBH and large DBH individuals. The tops of the large DBH individuals of Cr. japonica were lost to strong winds. However in each instance, they occupied the highest position in the canopy, even if they had lost their tops. In contrast, the DBH-height relationships of subcanopy broadleaved species were continuous in many plots and the equilibrium heights of the dominant broadleaved species were similar and almost in the same order regardless of the canopy heights of Cr. japonica. These results revealed a constant vertical structure in the Cr. japonica forest on Yakushima Island. Our results demonstrate a vertical niche segregation in the forest under high wind pressures and such vertical structure enables effective use of forest space and increases the basal area density. © The Ecological Society of Japan 2008.

DOI： 10.1007/s11284-008-0574-1

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-008-0574-1

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) has often been measured by comparing deforestation or land cover loss before and after PA establishment or within and outside the PA. Such evaluations ignore forest degradation or the decline in quality of the ecological values of the forest. Landsat image processing and geographical information systems were used to study forest cover changes in and around Popa Mountain Park (central Myanmar). Deforestation inside the Park was lower than outside the Park, but forest degradation, namely the net area that changed from dense forest to open forest, within the Park had grown at rates exceeding those outside the Park. The effectiveness of the PA was overestimated by adopting deforestation as the only indicator of conservation effectiveness. Forest degradation studies can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of PAs. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2010.

DOI： 10.1017/S0376892909990415

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990415

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Information about forest biomass distribution is important for sustainable forest management and monitoring fuelwood supply. The objective of this study is to develop an accurate forest biomass map for Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. We used a new technique (object-based approach) and a conventional technique (pixel-based approach) for the estimation of forest biomass using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). The object-based approach created segments of images, and calculated statistical and textural attributes. Our results showed that estimation accuracy of the object-based approach, with the use of band 1 and an exponential fit, was the best (R2 = 0.76), and this accuracy was comparable to that of the pixel-based approach (R2 = 0.67). Although several textural variables were related to forest biomass, they did not contribute significantly to improvement of estimation accuracy. However, the object-based method can be used for image segmentation so that the image objects are spectrally more homogeneous within individual regions than with their neighbors. Hence, they can be regarded as management units for policy-related spatial decisions. Therefore, it is possible to select either of the two methods depending upon what the situation demands. © 2009 The Japanese Forest Society and Springer.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-009-0125-9

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-009-0125-9

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.4005/jjfs.91.86

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study examined differences in stand structure, tree species richness, and tree species diversity in relation to population density in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. Tree data were obtained from a 1997 forest inventory involving 60 clusters (540 plots) systematically distributed over 30&#37; of the provincial forest area. Spatially referenced population data were obtained from the 1998 national population census. The average number of trees per cluster was 356/ha, the average basal area, 23 m2/ha, the average stand volume, 217 m3/ha, and the average aboveground biomass, 273 Mg/ha for all trees of DBH 10 cm and larger. The average species richness per cluster was 37 species, while average species diversity was measured as 0.916 using Simpson's index and 2.98 by Shannon's index. Significant negative correlations were generally found between population density surrounding clusters and tree density, basal area, stand volume, aboveground biomass, and species richness and diversity for three examined diameter classes (DBH of 10-30, ≥30, and ≥10 cm). As the distance from clusters for calculating population density increased, the correlation levels increased up to 5 or 7 km, depending on the variables and diameter class, and then stayed relatively constant for stand structure variables and decreased for species richness and diversity. The results indicate that evidence of disturbance was more pronounced at higher population density up to around 5 to 7 km. We suggest that introduction of greater controls on human disturbance should be a high priority for resource management and conservation in Kampong Thom Province and, presumably, Cambodia as a whole. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s10531-008-9535-9

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We evaluated the quality of data being collected for the Japanese National Forest Inventory (NFI). The inventory program commenced in 1999 but has not incorporated a quality assurance (QA) program; we sought to determine what effect this was having on the quality of data being collected. Forty-eight plots in four prefectures were measured by operational field teams and then remeasured by a control team that made careful and unhurried measurements. The paired data were evaluated, including diameter, total height, tree count, species richness, and topographic condition. Compared to the control team, all field teams of each prefecture tended to significantly underestimate all of the continuous variables. Most variables had larger variability in the inventory data than has been reported in the published literature. The findings of consistent bias and large variation in the field team measurements call for urgent implementation of a quality assurance program (extensive field training and regular remeasurement) in the Japanese NFI to improve data quality, and this conclusion could be applied to the inventory system of any country that does not include a QA program. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-008-0632-8

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0632-8

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The k-nearest neighbors (kNN) method is widely employed in national forest inventory applications using remote sensing data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kNN method for stand volume estimation by combining LANDSAT/ETM+ data with 622 field sample plots from the Japanese National Forest Inventory (NFI) in Kyushu, Japan. The root mean square error (RMSE) and relative RMSE of the volume estimates rapidly decreased as the number of nearest neighbors (k) increased up to five, and then it slightly declined. They were consistently smaller for the Euclidean distance than for the Mahalanobis distance. The estimation errors (RMSE and relative RMSE) were 169.2 m 3/ha and 66.2&#37;, respectively (k = 10). The relative RMSE was similar to the previous studies. The estimated values were more accurate towards the mean value of the total volume, with an overestimation of the low volumes and an underestimation of the high volumes. We found a significant linear relationship between the observed stand volumes and estimated errors, which suggests that systematic errors may be reduced using this linearity. This research concluded that the kNN method is suitable for estimating stand volumes in Kyushu. © 2008 The Japanese Forest Society and Springer.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-008-0077-5

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Our objective was to investigate the differences in the spectral trajectory of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper with stand volume development between Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) in the experimental forest of Kyushu University, Hokkaido, Japan. We used nonlinear regression and a categorical variable to investigate the relationship between spectral reflectance factor and stand volume for each forest type. This research showed that the reflectance factor of Japanese larch and Japanese oak reached saturation and that both forest types had different spectral trajectories with stand development. In addition, we found that middle of development stage (stand volume was between 100 and 200 m3/ha) of each forest type had similarity in reflectance factor. © 2007 The Japanese Forest Society and Springer.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-007-0030-z

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

We examined the extent to which direct and indirect measures of light and microsite conditions could explain variation in tree height and diameter at the base of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica trees planted in a group selection opening of about 0.32 ha on a steep slope at Shiiba, Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. We first used the gap light index (GLI) and soil thickness (ST) as directly measured indices. For an indirect measure of light, we used a between-cohort competition index (BCI) estimated from the position and total height of residual trees. For indirect measures of microsite, we examined topographic indices (slope, plan and profile curvature, average slope gradient, and relative elevation) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) with different resolutions ranging from 2 to 10 m. The multiple linear regression using GLI and ST explained about 45&#37; of variation in tree size, while simple regression using only GLI explained about 35&#37;. The contribution of ST was about half of GLI. The multiple regressions using BCI and the topographic indices did not explain any more variation than using BCI alone (R 2 of about 0.26). We conclude that microsite conditions with shallower soil and steeper slope have negative effects on tree growth in group selection openings, although the relative importance is smaller than light conditions. More comprehensive studies considering several openings with more heterogeneous topography including different species are needed to generalize our growth prediction using the indirect measures, which are useful for practical forest management. © The Japanese Forest Society and Springer-Verlag 2006.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-005-0202-7

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-005-0202-7

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We investigated the understory vegetation in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantations, including a mature hinoki plantation in which strip-clearcutting had been carried out 30 years previously. Plant species composition and diversity in uncut strips (US), cut strips (CS), and strip edges (SE) were compared with a 20-year-old even-aged sugi plantation (CC) and nearby young sugi plantations (YN) which had undergone large-scale, conventional clearcutting. Vegetation cover was highest in YN (100.0%), dominated by Miscanthus sinensis, followed by US (85.3%) and SE (55.2%), while CS and CC had much lower cover (30.1% and 25.2%, respectively). Vegetation height in CC treatments (0.58 m) was significantly lower than in the other stand types. Species richness and diversity indices (H′) in the cut strips (CS) were the lowest but were similar to the clear-cut plantation of similar age (CC). However, cluster analysis and DCA ordination indicated important differences in species composition, with CS vegetation being characterized by species more typical of semi-natural forest, while that of CC vegetation had more disturbance-related species able to colonize open sites. These results suggest that strip-clearcutting may be more effective in conserving plant species of natural forests compared with standard clearcutting practice. The lack of significant difference between the light environments of SE, CS and CC treatments suggests that the promotion of trees and shrubs associated with semi-natural forest conditions in the cut strips is probably dependent on seed dispersal and competition with forbs during the establishment stage of stand regeneration. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.056

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

This study examined the effects of residual trees on the height of 18- and 19-year-old Cryptomeria japonica planted in group selection openings of about 0.1 ha at Yufuin in Oita Prefecture in southern Japan. We first developed a general model expressing variation in the height for all of the planted trees within the openings from indices of both between-cohort competition (the effects of residual trees) and within-cohort competition (among the even-aged planted trees). The between-cohort competition index was calculated both with and without taking into account the direction that residual trees were positioned from subject trees. The two models suggested that residual trees located near the northern edge of the opening were not effective competitors for light for the planted trees within the opening. In addition, our results indicated that both between-cohort competition and within-cohort competition are important for explaining tree height in closed stands within group selection openings. Using the general model, we then estimated the potential loss of height growth for locally dominant trees within the openings that could be attributed only to the influence of residual trees. These results indicated that in addition to the effect of opening size, both the degree of crowding and the direction of residual trees from the planted trees are important factors affecting the height of individual trees planted in group selection openings. © The Japanese Forest Society and Springer-Verlag 2006.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-005-0197-0

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-005-0197-0

Language：Japanese  

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study re-examined a previously published relationship between supply and demand for woodfuel at different spatial scales within Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. We considered three different scales: The first was the whole area of the province. The second scale calculated village-scale data in zones of 1, 3, and 5 km from each village and then aggregated for all villages of the province. The third scale also calculated data for the three zones at the village-scale, but the data were then aggregated according to three regional groupings based on population density and forest availability. When evaluating woodfuel supply, we excluded biomass increment of trees with diameter larger than 30 cm because it was found that local people rarely collect trees larger than 30 cm for fuel. On the demand side, dead wood, which was included in the previous assessment, and woodfuel obtained from non-forest sources were excluded to enable comparison of supply and demand that related only to living trees originating from forests. The re-assessment revealed large decreases in both supply and demand at each scale as compared with our previous assessment; supply reduced by 46&#37; and demand by 36&#37; at the whole province scale. However, the ratios of supply to demand at each scale examined were very similar for both assessments. This re-assessment therefore supports our previous findings: there is a deficiency in woodfuel resources in areas of high population density along the main road due to high woodfuel demand and a predominance of agricultural land and regrowth forest in close proximity to villages. This study underscores the usefulness of taking detailed woodfuel consumption patterns into account when assessing the impact of woodfuel demand on forests. For a more accurate assessment on the sustainability of woodfuel resources and utilization, further research is needed to project future woodfuel demand, not only for green wood from forested sources, but also for dead wood and woodfuel from non-forested sources. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.008

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.008

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.20659/jfp.11.1_33

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We tested whether the semi-automatic program CROCO can replace visual assessments of slides to detect changes in defoliation assessment methods. We randomly selected a series of slides of 24 Norway spruce trees with 220 field assessments made between 1986 and 1995. The slides had been randomly arranged and assessed by three experts without knowledge of the tree number or the year when the slide was taken. Defoliation scores were computed with CROCO. Each tree had thus three different defoliation scores, field assessments, photo assessments and CROCO scores. CROCO scores were less correlated with the field assess ments (Spearman's rank correlation: 0.67) than were the slide assessments with the field assessments (0.79-0.83). However, CROCO was not biased against the field scores, while slide assessments systematically underestimated defoliation. In a multi-variate mixed effect model none of the variables tree overlap, tree visibility and light conditions was significant in explaining differences between slide assessors and CROCO scores. The same model applied for the differences from the field scores yielded significant effects for poor light conditions (CROCO and all assessors), for crown overlap (CROCO and one assessor) and for visibility (one assessor). We conclude, therefore, that CROCO can be used to detect past and future changes in assessment methods without bias if poor quality photographs are avoided. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-005-6019-1

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-6019-1

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We evaluated the accuracy of tree crown transparency estimates made with the image analysis system CROCO compared to visual estimates by field observers in Switzerland. Data from Swiss field training courses in 1998 and 1999 each comprising four sessions were used and the median values of the different observers' scores were assumed as the true values. First, Swiss reference photographs alone were used to obtain the calibration curves needed to predict crown transparency from the image analysis measure DSO. In this case, the CROCO estimates were biased for many species. Second, data from the first three field training sessions were added to the reference photos to derive the calibration curves. In this second case, CROCO provided unbiased estimates of both years, while the estimates by some of the field teams were significantly different from the true values. The result suggests that CROCO can be used as a more reliable reference to detect observer bias within a country than control observers. We conclude that few reference photographs alone are not sufficient, so additional field data should also be used to estimate crown transparency more accurately using CROCO. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.10.009

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.10.009

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Digital hemispherical photography is an effective device for estimating the light environment beneath a forest canopy. In this study, the effects of different image quality, size and camera type on the light environment estimates using digital hemispherical photography were examined. Using two digital cameras, Coolpix 900 and 990, with the exclusive fish-eye converter FC-E8, we took hemispherical photographs of all selectable combinations of image quality and size in 15 stands with various light environments, and then estimated the gap fraction and canopy openness. The estimates made using the two cameras did not differ with the image quality. By contrast, the estimates made with Coolpix 900 differed in image size, but not those made with Coolpix 990. These results suggested that the basic-quality and full-size image was adequate for Coolpix 900, whereas the basic-quality and VGA-size was the optimum combination for Coolpix 990. Comparison of the best combination images between two cameras showed that the Coolpix 900 produced significantly higher gap fraction and canopy openness than Coolpix 990. It is therefore necessary to state clearly the type of camera used in further studies, so that the results obtained from a different camera could be compared. In conclusion, although digital hemispherical photography would be a convenient means for estimating light environments, we should pay attention to the effects of image size and camera type presented in this study. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.002

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.002

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In this study we used photographs of tree crowns to test whether the assessment methods for tree defoliation in Switzerland have changed over time. We randomly selected 24 series of slides of Norway spruce with field assessments made between 1986 and 1995. The slides were randomly arranged and assessed by three experts without prior knowledge of the year when the slide was taken or the tree number. Defoliation was assessed using the Swiss reference photo guide. Although the correlations between the field assessments and slide assessments were high (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ranged between 0.79 and 0.83), we found significant differences between field and slide assessments (4.3 to 9% underprediction by the slide assessors) and between the slide assessments. However, no significant trends in field assessment methods could be detected. When the mean differences between field and slide assessments were subtracted, in some years, field assessors consistently underpredicted (1990, 1992) or overpredicted defoliation (1987, 1991). Defoliation tended to be overpredicted in slides taken against the light, and underpredicted for trees with more than 25% crown overlap. We conclude that slide series can be used to detect changes in assessment methods. However, potential observer bias calls for more objective methods of assessment. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

DOI： 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038192.84631.b6

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Operator errors in tree crown transparency (CT) estimates using the semi-automatic image analysis system CROCO were examined. One experienced operator serving as a control and seven inexperienced operators analysed the same 73 digitised images obtained in Switzerland, including four European species, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Oak (Quercus robur L.). Before the processing, all operators were instructed in how to select a rectangular region of interest (ROI) to be analysed (that is, the part of the tree crown exposed to sunlight). Illustrative example images of tree crowns were used for this purpose. For Norway spruce and Scots pine, no significant differences in CT were found between any two operators. For Oak, two operators tended to underestimate CT as compared to the control and other inexperienced operators. For Beech, one operator tended to overestimate CT as compared to the others. The operator bias was mainly due to different delineation of the lower boundary of the sun-exposed crown. The existence of operator bias in selecting ROI suggests that the illustrative manual alone is not sufficient. Especially for broad-leaved trees, additional operator training is needed to obtain the most accurate estimates of CT using CROCO. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.compag.2004.04.002

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.04.002

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We report details of woodfuel consumption patterns in three different village groupings classified according to population distribution and forest availability. Interview survey data collected from 240 households in 40 villages revealed large differences in woodfuel consumption patterns among the three groups. Areas with lower forest availability were associated with lower per capita woodfuel consumption, proportionately higher consumption of firewood from non-forest sources, greater distances from the village to the woodfuel source, and more species and smaller trees being utilized for firewood. The maximum size of trees used for fuel was 30 cm in diameter, and about 30&#37; of the total woodfuel used was sourced from dead wood. The survey also revealed that some species, such as Xylopia pierrei and Grewia paniculata, were favored for firewood. Respondent's answers revealed a woodfuel deficiency along the major road. While there does not appear to be any evidence that woodfuel consumption is causing deforestation, initiatives to reduce woodfuel consumption are still needed to alleviate these localized supply problems. Woodfuel consumption could be reduced by replacing the traditional "three stone fire" with more efficient types of cooking stove. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.10.008

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.10.008

Language：Others   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study adopted a GIS-based approach to reveal how the potential supply and demand of woodfuel varies at different spatial scales within Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. We considered three different scales: the first was the whole area of the province. The second scale calculated village-scale data in zones of 1, 3 and 5 km from each village aggregated for all villages of the province. The third scale also calculated data for the three zones at the village-scale, but data were then aggregated according to three regional groupings based on population density and forest availability. The results indicated large differences in the ratio (ranging between 0.08 and 503.90) of potential supply to demand of woodfuel for the different scales examined. A deficiency of woodfuel resources was identified only in the areas along the main national road, mainly due to high woodfuel demand and predominance of agricultural land and regrowth forest in surrounding areas. This deficiency may have a negative flow-on influence to adjoining areas if they are called upon to fill the supply gap. For more accurate assessments on sustainability of woodfuel resources and use, further research is needed on the available size and species of trees used for fuel. This study indicated that use of GIS could reveal differences in the potential supply and demand of woodfuel at three different scales. Policy makers and energy planners should address such scale dependency in supply and demand relationships when preparing energy development programs. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.028

Other Link： http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.028

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：English  

Language：English  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.20659/jfp.4.1_35

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.20659/jfp.2.2_125

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：English  

Language：Japanese  

Language：English  

Language：Japanese  

Responsible for pages：112-113, 森林総合研究所REDD 研究開発センター編「REDDプラスCOOKBOOK」pp.152   Language：Japanese   Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：66-67, 森林総合研究所REDD 研究開発センター編「REDDプラスCOOKBOOK」pp.152   Language：Japanese   Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：176-187, 森林施業研究会編「主張する森林施業論－22世紀を展望する森林管理」pp.394   Language：Japanese   Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：57-76, 森林資源管理と数理モデルVol.6-FORMATH KYUSYU 2006- 吉本敦・広嶋卓也・近藤洋史編　pp163   Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：205-212, 今田盛生編著「森林組織計画」 pp.258   Language：Japanese   Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：40-42, 今田盛生編著「森林組織計画」 pp.258   Language：Japanese   Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：283-294, 堺　正紘編著「森林資源管理の社会化」pp.358   Language：Japanese   Book type：Scholarly book

Event date： 2023.10

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Other Link： http://fnr.niu.edu.tw/news/news.php?Sn=403

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

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東京農業大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東京農業大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2023.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2022.10 - 2022.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2022.10 - 2022.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2022.10 - 2022.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.3 - 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：新潟コンベンションセンター「朱鷺メッセ」   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.3 - 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：新潟コンベンションセンター「朱鷺メッセ」   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.3 - 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：新潟コンベンションセンター「朱鷺メッセ」   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2019.3 - 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：新潟コンベンションセンター「朱鷺メッセ」   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.3 - 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：新潟コンベンションセンター「朱鷺メッセ」   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：高知大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：高知大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：高知大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：高知大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：高知大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：長崎ウエスレヤン大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：長崎ウエスレヤン大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：長崎ウエスレヤン大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：長崎ウエスレヤン大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：長崎ウエスレヤン大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：クローバープラザ（福岡県春日市原町3-1-7）   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：クローバープラザ（福岡県春日市原町3-1-7）   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：クローバープラザ（福岡県春日市原町3-1-7）   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：クローバープラザ（福岡県春日市原町3-1-7）   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：クローバープラザ（福岡県春日市原町3-1-7）   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2016.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2015.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2015.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2015.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ホルトホール大分   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2015.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ホルトホール大分   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2015.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ホルトホール大分   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2015.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ホルトホール大分   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2015.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ホルトホール大分   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2014.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2014.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2014.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2014.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2014.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2014.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Forest Department, Nay Pyi Taw   Country：Myanmar  

Event date： 2014.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  

伊高 静（九大農），吉田茂二郎，溝上展也

Event date： 2014.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.5

Language：Others   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ソウル大学   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2014.5

Language：Others   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ソウル大学   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2014.5

Language：Others   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ソウル大学   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2014.5

Language：Others   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ソウル大学   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：北海道大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：北海道大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：北海道大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：北海道大学   Country：Japan  



Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：大宮ソニックシティ   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：大宮ソニックシティ   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.3

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：大宮ソニックシティ   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.2

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：兵庫県立大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.2

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：兵庫県立大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.12

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：プノンペンホテル   Country：Cambodia  

Event date： 2013.10

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：宮崎大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.10

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：宮崎大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.10

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：宮崎大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.10

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：宮崎大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.10

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：宮崎大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.10

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：宮崎大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.9

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島大学   Country：Japan