DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111773

Web of Science

出版者・発行元：Sustainable Cities and Society  

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation to predict the human breathing zones (BZs) in crowded semi-outdoor environments. The computational domain consisted of a nine-human block array with integrated nasal cavities subjected to the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer. Five crowding levels, seven wind directions, and inflow ambient air temperatures (ranging from 10 to 31 °C) were tested to examine the horizontal and vertical formations of the BZs. Validation and verification tests were performed through comparisons with experimental results, a grid independence test, and an evaluation of various randomized distribution scenarios to minimize the uncertainties of the computational fluid dynamics analyses. The horizontal extension of the BZs tripled as the crowding level increased from 0.325 to 4.0 m2/capita. However, the lateral extension was insensitive and remained within 10 cm of the nostrils. Human models can inhale air close to the cheek, neck, and shoulders when an oblique flow is assumed. As the air temperature increased, individuals tended to inhale air from the upper regions, which was influenced by the interrelated thermal properties of the human body. Consequently, under high-temperature conditions, there may be an increased probability of gas-phase contaminant inhalation over greater horizontal distances.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105274

Web of Science

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Building and Environment  

There is a growing demand for more advanced and diverse computer-simulated persons (CSPs) to accurately evaluate the indoor environmental quality and analyze the human body interactions with environmental factors. This study aimed to develop a CSP targeting the ANDI thermal manikin, which regulates skin temperature and thermal functions through a multi-node thermoregulation model, that is, the development of a digital twin for the ANDI thermal manikin. Additionally, to ensure the prediction reliability of the numerical thermoregulation model applied to the CSP using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, the CFD results were compared with those from the chamber experiment using an ANDI thermal manikin. We conducted integrated analyses of the CSP using the Fiala thermoregulation model to calculate the metabolic heat production, at transfer between different layers and sections, and skin surface temperature. The CFD analysis was performed using the CSP under the same environmental conditions as those used in the experiment. The CSP analysis results reproduced the experimental results obtained using the thermal manikin in the thermal comfort evaluation with acceptable accuracy, and the root mean square deviation of the predicted mean skin temperature was approximately 0.195. Furthermore, the importance of detailed clothing geometry was highlighted by confirming that the thickness of the ventilation layer between the skin and clothing has a significant effect on the thermal performance. The comprehensive prediction method for indoor environments based on the advanced CSP developed in this study can contribute to human-centered indoor environmental planning through parametric analyses under various environmental scenarios.

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.111105

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

出版者・発行元：Fluids  

The transport and prediction of the concentration of particles in confined spaces are crucial for human well-being; this has become particularly evident during the current worldwide pandemic. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been widely used for such predictions, relying on Eulerian–Eulerian (EE) and Eulerian–Lagrangian (EL) models to study particle flow. However, there is a lack of research on industrial factories. In this study, a scaled laboratory in an industrial factory was established for oil mist particles in a machining factory, and oil mist dispersion experiments were conducted under roof exhaust and mixed ventilation conditions. After that, the oil mist concentration distribution in the factory under the same working conditions was calculated by Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, and the corresponding calculation errors and resource consumption were compared. It was found that the simulation results of both methods are acceptable for mixed ventilation and roof exhaust ventilation systems. When there are more vortices in the factory, the Lagrangian method increases the computation time by more than 53% to satisfy the computational accuracy, and the computational error between the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods becomes about 10% larger. For oil mist particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.5 μm, both Eulerian and Lagrangian methods have reliable accuracy. Based on the same flow field, the Lagrangian method consumes more than 400 times more computational resources than the Eulerian method. This study can provide a reference for the simulation of indoor particulate transport in industrial factories.

DOI： 10.3390/fluids8100264

Web of Science

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Building and Environment  

This study investigates outdoor public health by predicting the airflow fields and probabilistic size of breathing zones. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed in a simplified semi-outdoor domain, utilizing a validated computer-simulated person (CSP) with an integrated nasal cavity. The simulations were conducted for eight wind orientations (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315°), four wind velocities (Uref = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 m/s), and one inhalation flow rate (18.7 L/min), considering both steady and transient conditions. The RANS-based equations were solved using the SST k-omega turbulence model. Breathing zones were computed and visualized using the scale for ventilation efficiency 5 (SVE5) and reverse time-traced vector techniques. The results indicated that wind orientation influenced the air velocity, temperature, and breathing zone distribution. The steady-state condition tended to overestimate breathing zones, whereas, under transient conditions, they assumed a semi-cylindrical form that extended horizontally, with a slight slope from the nostrils towards the direction of the wind source. The horizontal extension of the breathing regions increased at high wind speeds and with a smaller cylinder radius compared to calm conditions. Eventually, this study proposed new definitions of the breathing zone in the semi-outdoor environment in different SVE5 values. These findings can contribute to air quality management and aid in assessing the probability of airborne transmission in public spaces.

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110672

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow  

Commuter buses have a high passenger density relative to the interior cabin volume, and it is difficult to maintain a physical/social distance in terms of airborne transmission control. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively investigate the impact of ventilation and air-conditioning in the cabin on the airborne transmission risk for passengers. In this study, comprehensive coupled numerical simulations using computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) and computer-simulated persons (CSPs) were performed to investigate the heterogeneous spatial distribution of the airborne transmission risk in a commuter bus environment under two types of layouts of the ventilation system and two types of passenger densities. Through a series of particle transmission analysis and infection risk assessment in this study, it was revealed that the layout of the supply inlet/exhaust outlet openings of a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system has a significant impact on the particle dispersion characteristics inside the bus cabin, and higher infection risks were observed near the single exhaust outlet in the case of higher passenger density. The integrated analysis of CFPD and CSPs in a commuter bus cabin revealed that the airborne transmission risk formed significant heterogeneous spatial distributions, and the changes in air-conditioning conditions had a certain impact on the risk.

DOI： 10.1007/s42757-022-0146-6

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

出版者・発行元：Fluids  

Highway buses are used in a wide range of commuting services and in the tourist industry. The demand for highway bus transportation has dramatically increased in the recent post-pandemic world, and airborne transmission risks may increase alongside the demand for highway buses, owing to a higher passenger density in bus cabins. We developed a numerical prediction method for the spatial distribution of airborne transmission risks inside bus cabins. For a computational fluid dynamics analyses, targeting two types of bus cabins, sophisticated geometries of bus cabins with realistic heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning were reproduced. The passengers in bus cabins were reproduced using computer-simulated persons. Airflow, heat, and moisture transfer analysis were conducted based on computational fluid dynamics, to predict the microclimate around passengers and the interaction between the cabin climate and passengers. Finally, droplet dispersion analysis using the Eulerian–Lagrangian method and an investigation of the spatial distribution of infection/spread risks, assuming SARS-CoV-2 infection, were performed. Through parametric analyses of passive and individual countermeasures to reduce airborne infection risks, the effectiveness of countermeasures for airborne infection was discussed. Partition installation as a passive countermeasure had an impact on the human microclimate, which decreased infection risks. The individual countermeasure, mask-wearing, almost completely prevented airborne infection.

DOI： 10.3390/fluids8090253

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

出版者・発行元：E3S Web of Conferences  

This study aims to develop a vertical air duct which is embedded inside the building envelop. It is also designed as a counter-flow heat recovery ventilator (HRV). The vertical air duct model in this study adopted baffle structure considering two methods to suppress the inflow of the particulate matters from outdoor: 1) trapping by wall surface and airflow structure and 2) gravitational sedimentation in the air duct. Design parametric analyses are conducted using computational fluid dynamics to determine optimal design of vertical air duct. Three types of analytical case with various set-up of baffles inside air passages are prepared, and heat exchange efficiency is estimated by heat transfer analysis inside ventilator. In addition, particulate pollutants' behaviour inside air passages is predicted based on Euler-Lagrange particle transport analysis. Through the series of numerical analysis, differences in heat exchange efficiency and effectiveness of particulate pollutant removal corresponding to different baffle design are quantitatively discussed, and finally optimal design for air passages in HRV is determined. The building-integrated HRV introduced in this study could contribute to sustainable design of building environment.

DOI： 10.1051/e3sconf/202339603006

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

出版者・発行元：Building Simulation  

A significant feature of the indoor environment is the heterogeneity of airflow and pollutant distributions, which are primarily dependent on ventilation systems. In the case of short- and high-concentration exposures to hazardous chemical pollutants, it may be necessary to precisely determine the concentration in the breathing zone or, more directly, the inhalation exposure concentration in the respiratory tract, rather than the representative room average concentration in an indoor environment, because of the non-uniformity of pollutant concentration distributions. In this study, we developed a computer-simulated person with a detailed respiratory system to predict inhalation exposure concentration and inhalation dose via transient breathing and reported a demonstrative numerical simulation for analyzing acetone concentration distributions in a simplified model room. Our numerical analysis revealed that the ventilation efficiency distribution in a room could change significantly by changing the design of the ventilation system, and that the inhalation exposure concentration estimated by a computer-simulated person could differ from the representative concentration, such as perfect-mixing or volume-averaged acetone concentration, by a factor of two or more.

DOI： 10.1007/s12273-022-0954-4

Web of Science

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Healthy Buildings 2023: Asia and Pacific Rim  

Acetone is an organic chemical solvent with widespread industrial applications. Inhaling a lot of acetone in a short time or long-term exposure to acetone may have severe effects and permanent damage to human health. This study combined CFD and the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, coupled with a computer-simulated person (CSP) embedded in the respiratory model, and conducted precise prediction of the transport pathway of acetone-containing air from indoor emission sources to the respiratory tract via inhalation and dermal absorption. A series of numerical methods for analyzing the acetone concentration in the nasal passages and acetone dermal adsorption to the local tissue cells were presented, coupled with the analysis of the acetone concentration distributions in a simple room model as functions of typical ventilation modes. It is believed that the numerical method proposed in this study would provide a feasible prediction method and risk assessment for acetone applications.

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

出版者・発行元：Indoor and Built Environment  

The establishment of a healthy indoor environment requires the accurate evaluation of an individual’s exposure to pollutants. The concentration of indoor chemical pollutants is a representative indicator for such evaluation and is generally measured on-site. Moreover, material flow analysis (MFA), using macroscopic statistical data, is a reasonable method for objectively evaluating pollution on a wide scale; however, no effective strategy exists for the prediction of indoor air pollution, nor for the assessment of an individual’s exposure from social stock data. Accordingly, we developed a novel integration method comprising MFA and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a computer-simulated person (CSP) to establish a framework for evaluating indoor pollutant concentration and individual exposure of residents. We focused on diethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP) and first estimated the amount of DEHP-containing product accumulation in Japan by MFA. Second, we conducted a thorough survey and measurement of DEHP emission rates. Using these results as boundary conditions for indoor CFD with CSP, the individual exposure of a resident, in a standard residential house, was quantitatively evaluated. The total daily exposure per unit of body weight was estimated to be more than 100 (μg/kg/d) in the worst-case scenario which was considered the upper limit for exposure in this analysis.

DOI： 10.1177/1420326X221092613

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

出版者・発行元：Building and Environment  

The evaluation of inhalation exposure of workers in industrial production environments is significant. Current studies on inhalation exposure in industrial workshops are quite limited and lack experimental data validation. This study established a scaled experimental cabin and performed inhalation exposure experiments. Subsequently, the validated numerical model was used to study the influences of different factors on human inhalation exposure prediction. The factors emphasize the meshing strategy, the manikin geometry and the thermal plume of the manikin. The results show that the polyhedron grid offers a greater advantage and that the required grids and computing time represent only 20% and 33% of the tetrahedral grid. CFD results are more consistent with human inhalation exposure experimental results when a 5% mean computational error is used as a criterion to verify grid independence. The inhalation exposure computational results of different manikin models differed by only about 2%. And compared with the 3D scanned model, the humanlike multi-box and single cuboid models are easier to build and consume fewer resources. Therefore, using humanlike multi-box and single cuboid models to compute human inhalation exposure in the industrial workshop is more recommended. The Ri number evaluates the intensity of the human thermal plume. The computational errors between the isothermal and thermal manikin models are 1.76%, 5.14%, 9.18%, and 14.95% for inhalation exposures with 20, 15, 10 and 5 ACH (air changes per hour), respectively, and the corresponding Ri numbers are 0.09, 0.16, 0.34, and 1.41.The computational error between the isothermal and thermal manikin models is less than 10% when the ACH is larger than 10. This study can provide a reference for the prediction of inhalation exposure of workers in industrial workshops.

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109573

Web of Science

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Japan Architectural Review  

Computer-simulated persons (CSPs) with respiratory systems have been developed for microclimate analysis around the human body and inhalation exposure analysis, for detailed assessment of comfort and health risks in indoor spaces. This study examined and validated the prediction accuracy of a CSP, for precise estimation of indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The flow-field prediction accuracy was thoroughly examined in a grid analysis using the CSP and a thermal manikin for benchmarking. The model incorporated unsteady breathing and human postural sway, and assessed their impact on the microclimate around the human body. The numerically estimated flow field was validated using experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) data, with a detailed grid independence test. Considering the practical use of the respiratory tract model for the inhalation exposure risk assessment, the prediction accuracy of particle transport and deposition analysis was examined using previously published in vivo experimental results. This analysis revealed that the impact of transient breathing and body vibrations on the reproduction of the thermal plume around the human body is quite weak; consequently, these conditions can be ignored from the macroscopic perspective of indoor airflow analysis.

DOI： 10.1002/2475-8876.12301

Web of Science

Scopus

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

出版者・発行元：Indoor and Built Environment  

Fume hoods are an indispensable instrument for experimental operations dealing with hazardous chemicals, wherein safety operations are strictly adherent to regulations. Within this context, few cases exist wherein the ventilation efficiency and pollutant capture efficiency inside fume hoods are precisely analyzed and quantitatively visualized. In this study, the pollutant capture efficiencies of a fume hood were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics as functions of exhaust airflow rate and according to the posture of workers in front of the fume hood. The indices for ventilation efficiencies, that is, age of air (SVE3), net escape velocity (NEV), and local purging flow rate (L-PFR), were adopted to quantitatively evaluate the pollutant concentration distributions formed inside the fume hood. NEV analysis revealed that the presence of a worker at the front of the fume hood did not significantly affect the pollutant capture efficiency at the opening surface of the fume hood. Changing the exhaust airflow rate resulted in changes in the size of the circulation flow formed in the upper part of the chamber. The circulation flow was found to have a dominant effect on the distribution of SVE3 and on the formation of the pollutant concentration distribution in the chamber.

DOI： 10.1177/1420326X211066538

Web of Science

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Indoor and Built Environment  

Several studies regarding indoor environmental quality assessments based on computational human models have been reported. Recently, various computer-simulated persons for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations that reproduce a detailed human body geometry has been developed. However, clothing is usually treated with simplification as a resistance to heat/contaminant transfer, and detailed hygro-thermo-chemical transfer phenomena in clothing-centred area with complex geometry have not been fully discussed. It is also important to investigate the ventilation characteristics inside the air gap between the clothing and the human body. Thus, this study aimed to develop an analytical method of three-dimensional clothing model that can be applied to a computer-simulated person (CSP) for indoor computational fluid dynamics analysis. To identify the impact of the clothing model on the human and the microclimate around the body, hygro-thermo-chemical transfer analyses were conducted in a virtual simplified model room. By reproducing the detailed clothing geometry, ventilation inside the air gap and clothing-centred hygro-thermo-chemical transfer characteristics were quantitatively investigated. The data analysis technique established in this study could contribute to preparing foundational data for simplification of numerical modelling of clothing.

DOI： 10.1177/1420326X211059449

Web of Science

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Indoor and Built Environment  

In factories where high-risk chemical pollutants are treated, it is essential to anticipate response measures in the event of chemical pollutant leakage to minimize adverse health effects on workers. When high-risk liquid chemical pollutants are assumed to be leaked inside enclosed spaces, it becomes crucial to predict the non-uniform concentration distributions in enclosed spaces and evaluate the health impacts and risks of short-time exposure to prevent large-scale accidents. Therefore, we have developed an emergency ventilation system for controlling the inhaled contaminant dose of factory workers. In this study, assuming a worst-case scenario liquid chemical pollutant leak in an enclosed factory space, the advantages and performance of a hybrid ventilation system that combines displacement and push–pull type ventilation systems were numerically investigated. Installation of wall materials that facilitate photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reactions for background passive concentration control was also discussed. Based on the demonstrative numerical analyses for a realistic factory space, push–pull type ventilation system was confirmed to effectively suppress chemical pollutant diffusion in enclosed spaces with a low ventilation rate. Wall materials with the PCO mechanism had a certain contribution to the control of peak concentration.

DOI： 10.1177/1420326X211026360

Web of Science

Scopus

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20908918

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.04.023

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

記述言語：日本語  

国名：日本国  

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2024年3月

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国名：日本国  

開催年月日： 2024年3月

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国名：日本国  

記述言語：日本語  

国名：日本国  

記述言語：日本語  

国名：日本国  

記述言語：英語  

国名：大韓民国  

記述言語：英語  

国名：大韓民国  

記述言語：日本語  

国名：日本国  

記述言語：日本語  

国名：日本国  

国名：日本国  

記述言語：日本語  

国名：日本国  

記述言語：日本語  

種別：査読等 

外国語雑誌　査読論文数：1

種別：大会・シンポジウム等 

種別：査読等 

外国語雑誌　査読論文数：4

種別：査読等 

外国語雑誌　査読論文数：1

種別：査読等 

外国語雑誌　査読論文数：1

種別：大会・シンポジウム等 

参加者数：150

種別：大会・シンポジウム等 

種別：大会・シンポジウム等 

種別：査読等 

国際会議録　査読論文数：3