Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Despite India’s notable economic growth in recent years, significant social stratification persists. Traditionally, Hindu Scheduled Castes (SCs), Hindu Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Muslims have been identified as socially vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. While SCs/STs have gained from reservation policies in education, employment, and politics, Muslims, who share reservation quotas with other vulnerable groups, have seen comparatively less benefit. Prior research has focused primarily on disparities between religions (e.g., Hindu and Muslim) or castes (e.g., Hindu general caste and lower caste). However, few studies examine inequality among socially vulnerable groups. This study explores two key research questions: (1) How has the wage differential structure between SCs/STs and Muslims changed? (2) What factors contribute to the wage differences between these two groups? I apply a Mincer earnings regression, Heckman two-stage estimation, and Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition to repeated cross-sectional data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). These data cover 35 years and pertain to male regular workers (salaried employees) and casual laborers aged 15–65 in urban areas. The data are derived from eight NSS rounds (1983, 1987–88, 1993–94, 1999–2000, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2009–10, and 2011–12) and two PLFS periods (2017–18 and 2018–19). Descriptive statistics indicate a rise in the percentage of SCs/STs among male regular workers from 1983 to 2018–19. Although both Muslims and SCs/STs experienced a significant decrease in primary school non-completion rates, the rate of improvement in educational attainment for Muslims has been comparatively slow. The Mincer earnings regression results reveal consistently lower wages for SCs and Muslims compared with Hindus (general castes/Other Backward Classes). The Heckman two-stage estimation results show that SCs and Muslims are less likely to be regular workers than Hindus. Even after excluding bias, Muslims earn significantly less than Hindus. The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, using the inverse Mills ratio from the two-step estimation, shows that wage differentials are due to differences in education level and years of experience in the labor market between SCs/STs and Muslims. Wage differentials between Hindus and Muslims persisted throughout the study period, with about 40% to 60% of total wage differentials explained by differences in education levels. Initially, there was no difference between SCs/STs and Muslims. However, since the mid-2000s, the contribution has varied significantly owing to the improved average education level of SCs/STs, suggesting that institutional inequality could exacerbate disparities among the socially vulnerable.

DOI： 10.11479/asianstudies.as24.a02

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

本稿は、1970年代から1990年代のインドにおける、1956年ヒンドゥー教徒相続法の州別改正・新法制定と女性の教育水準との関係を検証している。改正により女性に不動産など合同家族財産の相続権が与えられ、性別における不平等が是正されたことで、物的資本や人的資本に関する「相続」の枠組みが変化したと考えられる。本稿では、女性の教育水準の向上を人的資本投資の増加と捉えたうえで、相続法改正と教育水準にいかなる関係が存在するのかを4期間の全国家族健康調査データにより検証した。分析では、改正州の土地所有世帯に居住しているヒンドゥー教徒の世帯主の娘は、そうでない女性と比較すると有意に教育年数が長く、新聞・雑誌を読む習慣があるという先行研究を拡張する結果が得られた。ヒンドゥー教徒相続法の対象外であるイスラーム教徒やキリスト教徒のデータを活用して、宗教以外の条件が同じプラセボを作成し、結果の頑健性の確認に使用したが、有意な教育水準の向上は認められなかった。
In the late 1970s and early 1990s, five South Indian states legislatively amended the
1956 Hindu Succession Act or established a new act at the state level. These Hindu succession
amendments, which pertained to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs, granted women
the right to inherit joint family property, such as agricultural land and ancestral homes.
This paper discusses the correlation between these inheritance reforms and the changing educational attainments of Hindu women in India. It assumes that these inheritance reforms altered the framework of intergenerational transmission in household resources, such as material and human capital. Using four-period data from India’s National Family Health Survey（NFHS）, this paper examines the correlation between inheritance reforms and education levels. The results show that Hindu daughters of household heads who own land in the states where inheritance reforms have been enforced benefit from acquiring education and reading newspapers and magazines. The paper also creates a placebo for the same nonreligious conditions, which is compiled from the NFHS with regard to Muslim and Christian daughters, who are not subject to the Hindu Succession Act. The study uses the placebo for a robustness check. These women showed no significant increase in educational level.

DOI： 10.11384/jjasas.2019.47

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Responsible for pages：総ページ数：xii, 420p   Language：Japanese  

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Country：Japan  

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Country：India  

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Audience： General,　Scientific,　Company,　Civic organization,　Governmental agency