本論文では，Al-5Mg合金溶射を塗装橋に部分適用する際に生じる溶射と塗装の取合部の耐食・防食特性と特異な劣化現象を物理的，電気化学的および材料科学的な学際的視点に基づき解明している．これらの解明に際して，皮膜構成や犠牲防食範囲などを考慮した線・帯状の鋼素地露出部を有するモデル試験体を考案・製作している．また，この腐食促進試験を行い，皮膜膨れの3Dレーザー測定，皮膜のEIS測定，溶射膜の開口気孔測定，SEM-EDX，EPMAなどによる多面的分析を行っている．

本技術では多数の円孔を明けたAl-Zn犠牲陽極板と高い吸水・保水性を有する繊維シートを用いることで，大気環境や滞水環境など腐食性の高い環境に曝される鋼部材に対して防食電流を安定供給する方法を確立している．繊維シートは腐食部や溶接部等の表面起伏部についても防食機能を低下させないように，対象部に対して柔軟にフィットする機能を有している．本技術の主対象は，濡れや塩類等で重度に腐食した既設部材や新設部材の構造上重要な部位である．鋼構造物の塗装塗替え時において，入隅部，狭隘部や重度に腐食した部位などでは適切な鋼素地調整が行えず，塩類が残置されるため，早期に塗膜下腐食が発生する．その結果，繰り返し塗替えを実施しても腐食進行が抑制できず，主部材が破断するなどの重大事故に至る事例が報告されている．本技術を適用することで，従来の表面被覆では防食困難な塩類等が残置された部位や重度の腐食部位であっても，長期間安定的に防食できる．また，防食電流を測定することで，陽極材の消耗速度や防食効果を容易に評価できる．

Publisher：Corrosion Science  

The surface texture of 144 weathering steel samples were analyzed under marine atmospheres to assess the effects of the exposure conditions and structural factors. Comprehensive methods were used to characterize the corrosion evolution and pitting performance. Geospatial variability was introduced as a new method for quantifying non-uniform and irregular surface substrates. The results showed significant variations in corrosion severity under identical environmental conditions. Closely spaced pits formed clustered patterns with an increased range, whereas isolated sparse pits demonstrated the converse. Sill effectively captured serrated surface variations. Explainable machine learning models were developed to regenerate and predict the steel surface texture.

DOI： 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112602

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Journal of Electrochemical Science  

This study investigates the corrosion mechanism of carbon steel beneath zinc-rich coating (ZRC) defects to understand the mutual interference of carbon steel in atmospheric environments. First, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted to determine the self-corrosion behavior of carbon steel under ZRC defects. Subsequently, a macrocell current tests were conducted under immersion and wet–dry environments to evaluate the electrochemical interaction effects at the location of coating defects. The results indicate that the electrochemical interactions between the ZRC defects are influenced by the sacrificial anode effect of Zn. Further, the interaction mechanisms between the steel substrates beneath the organic and inorganic ZRC defects were analyzed. The findings provide deeper insight into the behavior of steel structures in atmospheric environments, offering potential improvements in the design of protective coatings for infrastructure longevity.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100860

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering  

<p>This study investigated the impact of NaCl concentration on the electrochemical performance of one kind of commercial Mg-Mn alloy （M1C）. Firstly, potentiodynamic polarization （PDP） tests were conducted to determine corrosion behavior of M1C in NaCl solutions with concentrations of 0.1 mass％, 0.5 mass％, 3.5 mass％, and 10.0 mass％. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） tests were performed to analyze the oxide film thickness across varying solution concentrations. The PDP results indicated that the corrosion rate of M1C increased with the increase of solution concentration. Furthermore, breakdown potential was observed in anodic polarization curves when the concentration of NaCl solution was over 0.5 mass ％. The EIS results showed that after 24h immersion, thickness of MgO film decreased with increasing NaCl concentration and then stabilized.</p>

DOI： 10.3323/jcorr.73.230

CiNii Research

Publisher：Journal of Materials Research and Technology  

This study systematically investigates the effects of high-power continuous wave laser (CWL) treatment on the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of SM400A steel, comparing these outcomes with those of untreated specimens. The findings reveal that while CWL treatment enhances surface hardness, it has minimal impact on the strength of thick structural steel components. However, excessive laser energy density leads to surface defects and softening of the microstructure, adversely affecting the material's toughness. This results in a reduction in elongation at fracture, transitioning the failure mode from ductile to brittle. The study concludes that to ensure the safe use of laser-treated structures, the laser energy density should be carefully controlled not to exceed 3000 J/cm2.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.001

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Construction and Building Materials  

This study investigated the chloride-induced durability deterioration mechanism at the interface of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel joints exposure to wet-dry cycling environment, using 27 specimens with varying corrosion levels of steel and aging periods of bonded joints. Characterization including macro and microscale observation, quantification of topographical structure, analysis of surface wettability and adherent residues, were employed to understand the steel surface conditions and their relationship with durability performance under prolonged wet-dry cycles. The results indicated that various steel surface characteristics influenced the interface in both the short and long terms; however, the priority shifted from topography for new steel to cleanliness for corroded steel. As the corrosion level of the steel increased with the aging period, notable declines were observed in the joint's ultimate capacity (∼33.4 %) and its displacement (∼9.94 %) in general responses, along with decreases in maximum slip (∼31.0 %) and shorter plateaus in local responses. This corresponded to an undesirable shift in the triggering failure mode at the ends. Additionally, deterioration mechanism encompassed “foreign attacks” as external factors, marked by corrosion at the bonding edges and inward capillary diffusion of chloride ions, and “domestic unrest” as internal factors, exemplified by the development of those adherent chloride/rust residues, weakening steel-adhesive bonds, and risk of separation. Finally, a time-dependent environmental reduction factor for the capacity model was proposed and verified using collected test data.

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137409

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Publisher：Construction and Building Materials  

This study investigates the effectiveness of using a 3 kW rotary continuous-wave laser transmitter for removing salt from severely corroded steel surfaces. It proposes an improved surface treatment flow that includes laser treatment as a pre-treatment step. This study focuses on severely corroded weathering steel with artificial corrosion pits that require painting after surface treatment to prevent corrosion under the film. This study demonstrates that the laser can effectively remove salt during the rust removal process, and the proposed surface treatment flow can prevent the re-corrosion of more than 5 % of the treated surface area in high-temperature, high-humidity environments for one week, providing a quality surface for paint coating. This study suggests that laser surface treatment can be used as a pretreatment step for abrasive blasting and should be further explored and promoted in engineering applications.

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137438

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publisher：Engineering Failure Analysis  

On some cast iron pipes corroded under tensile stress, corrosion with a characteristic surface appearance, known as “fissure corrosion,” was occasionally observed. Because fissure corrosion on ductile cast iron pipes has been rarely studied, the detailed conditions and mechanism for fissure formation are still elusive. In this study, the levels of tensile stress and anodic current density causing fissure corrosion on ductile cast iron were investigated through laboratory experiments to reproduce fissure corrosion and elucidate its mechanism. Fissure corrosion was reproduced at bending tensile stresses ≥200 MPa. The depth difference between the peak and valley of fissures increased with increasing anodic current density, and the fissure corrosion was attributed to the difference between the anodic current densities of the peak and valley due to plastic deformation by stress concentration. Fissure corrosion was likely to be suppressed by reducing the anodic current flowing out of ductile cast iron surface.

DOI： 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108353

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Publisher：International Journal of Steel Structures  

To achieve sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) for steel members in the atmospheric environment, the sodium polyacrylate hydrogels were prepared and acted as electrolyte carriers in the protection system. The hydrogels absorbing varying concentrations of sodium chloride solution were verified by the water swelling and retention test, the electrochemical test, and the constant exposure test. The result shows that the hydrogel shows a remarkable water absorption capacity with the NaCl solution. However, within 48 h, little difference shows in the swelling ratio. And the water retentivity weakens with the concentrations of sodium chloride solution increasing up to 3.5 mass%. The hydrogel absorbing 10.0 mass% sodium chloride solution exhibits the highest retention ratio. Moreover, the steel specimens immersed in the hydrogel show greater resistance to corrosion compared to exposure in NaCl aqueous solution. Besides, the SACP method using the hydrogel can sustain corrosion protection for over 200 h, based on the time-dependent anti-corrosion current density, which ensures the durability of the system. Overall, the findings suggest that sodium polyacrylate hydrogels demonstrate promising attributes as electrolyte carriers, broadening the potential application of the SACP method to atmospheric environments.

DOI： 10.1007/s13296-024-00865-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publisher：Case Studies in Construction Materials  

An ionically conductive sodium polyacrylate-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (PANa–CMC) hydrogel electrolyte was developed for the sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) of carbon steel in high-humidity environments. The incorporation of varying ratios of CMC into hydrogel formulation enhanced the water retention capacity, adhesion strength, and electrochemical performance, making it suitable for SACP applications. Particularly, PANa-5% CMC hydrogels demonstrated a current density of approximately 3 μA/cm², inhibited passive corrosion product formation, and sequestered metal ions from anodes, thus minimizing contamination. These findings highlight the substantial potential of PANa–CMC hydrogels as electrolytes, expanding the application of the SACP method to atmospheric environments.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02742

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Publisher：Journal of Building Engineering  

The effects of a newly developed nozzle type, with divergent flow, and abrasive particle size on the surface preparation properties of steel substrate using abrasive water-jet treatment (AWT) were analyzed. The corrosion and chloride removal efficiencies were evaluated by applying this technique to parts of severely corroded steel structures. The evaluation of the surface characteristics of the treated specimens included analysis of the treatment area, maximum erosion depth, surface roughness profile, and residual abrasive material quantity. The corrosion removal efficiency was assessed using surface salinity measurements and SEM-EDX analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that the application of the developed divergent nozzle and smaller abrasive particle sizes in the AWT process resulted in an expanded treatment range and effective prevention of excessive erosion depth and surface roughness. Additionally, ultra-high-pressure water with abrasives completely eliminated corrosion products and chlorides present on both the surface and interiors of the corroded steel surface, achieving a cleanliness level exceeding Sa 3. This process prevented the formation of flash rust on the cleaned surface for up to 24 h and prolonged the time before the reoccurrence of corrosion on the treated surface. To summarize, the AWT with a divergent nozzle and smaller abrasive particles creates the most ideal surface preparation characteristics for subsequent coating and provides higher surface cleanliness suitable for practical engineering applications.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108623

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publisher：土木学会西部支部  

I-14

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会西部支部  

I-17

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Language：English   Publisher：土木学会西部支部  

I-21

CiNii Research

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Journal of Electrochemical Science  

In the pursuit of sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) for closed-section steel structures exposed to atmospheric conditions, a cotton-like fiber serves as the electrolyte carrier. The efficacy of this approach was validated through assessments of water absorption, retention, electrochemical properties, and SACP trials. The cotton-like fiber exhibited notable hydrophilic characteristics, absorbing nearly seven times its weight of the electrolyte and retaining over 50% of its maximum water absorption capacity after 15 days. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity of the fiber, when fully saturated with 0.1 wt% NaCl aq, was nearly twice that of the same concentration solution without fibers, diminishing as the electrolyte content decreased. Additionally, the open-circuit potential (OCP) of the Al-3Zn sacrificial anode was approximately −0.2 V relative to steel. Moreover, Nyquist plots revealed that electrodes in fibers were more resistant to dissolution compared to those in 0.1 wt% NaCl aq. In the SACP tests, the combination of cotton-like fibers with the Al-3Zn anode exhibited a protective performance for steel members, as assessed by the current density, instant-off potential, and steel surface conditions.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100518

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Corrosion Science  

The corrosion interaction mechanism of carbon steel was studied to address the mutual interference of carbon steels under coating defects in the atmospheric environment. The findings revealed that the electrochemical interactions between the carbon steels were primarily influenced by the solution resistance, cathode area, and cathode-to-anode area ratio. In addition, the upper limit of the accelerating effect of the macrocell current on the anodic corrosion rate was determined by theoretical deduction. Finally, the corrosion-accelerating effect of the macrocell current was determined to assess the corrosion rate of carbon steels with electrochemical interactions under defects.

DOI： 10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111730

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Foundry Engineering Society  

<p>  This study aims to investigate the corrosion characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast iron in an atmospheric environment and compare them with those of carbon steel and weathering steel. The atmospheric exposure test results showed that the corrosion rate of spheroidal graphite cast iron is significantly lower than that of carbon steel and less than or equal to that of weathering steel. The main reason for the differences in the corrosion rate of the three materials should be due to the high protectiveness of the rust layer.</p><p>  Previous research suggests that Si and Cu contribute to the rust protection of spheroidal graphite cast iron, but the details are unclear.</p><p>  In this study, an atmospheric exposure test was conducted using specimens with minimal additions of Si and Cu to confirm their effects on the corrosion behavior of spheroidal graphite cast iron in an atmospheric environment.</p><p>  The results showed that the corrosion rate of the specimens with added Si was significantly lower than that of the specimens with minimal addition of Si. It was also revealed that Si was concentrated in the oxide state in the inner layer of the rust, especially around graphite.</p><p>  In addition, the corrosion mechanism of spheroidal graphite cast iron in an atmospheric environment was studied, considering the effects of Si and Cu.</p>

DOI： 10.11279/jfes.96.3

CiNii Research

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Construction and Building Materials  

To assess the impact of corrosion on steel and the effectiveness of surface preparation techniques on the bonding behavior between carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel, thirty bonded joint specimens were examined. These specimens were based on three distinct corrosion levels of steel and three conventional surface preparation techniques. Furthermore, various evaluation methods were employed to understand the steel surface characteristics, encompassing macro and microscale observations, analysis of topographical structures, and quantification of surface evaluation indices. These were performed to determine their correlations with the interfacial stress behavior. The findings revealed that when the target for repair shifted from a new steel substrate to a corroded one, the synergistic performance at the steel-adhesive interface decreased. This led to a decrease in the maximum shear stress at the plate end, and there was also an undesirable shift in the mode of failure. Both test parameters (i.e., the corrosion level and surface preparation), synergistically determined the surface cleanliness, topography, and bonding defects, all three of which directly influenced the bonding behavior. Finally, an improved model for predicting the debonding capacity of CFRP-corroded steel bonded joints was introduced, incorporating surface damage (k1) and surface topography (k2) coefficients. This model's applicability was also verified by collecting other test data from available literature.

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134279

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> The bond behavior between steel member and carbon fiber sheet is subject to variations based on construction conditions, such as surface preparation methods and curing temperatures. However, there exists considerable uncertainty regarding how these conditions affect the bonding characteristics of carbon fiber sheets, thereby posing challenges in determining the optimal design and construction parameters for reinforcement methods. This study conducted a comparative analysis of four surface treatment methods to assess their effects on the surface properties and adhesive properties of steel substrates. It was also examined the shear strength between steel plates and composite materials. Besides, the study delved into aspects such as the hardening rate, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and fiber penetration of the impregnation resin under different environmental temperatures. Furthermore, an initial isothermal curing model of epoxy resin was constructed, while the vitrification process related to thermal history was speculated. The enhancement brought by the post-curing process on the diverse material properties of epoxy resin was evaluated. The insights of this study have the potential to significantly enhance the bond performance of steel members strengthened with CFRP materials.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejj.23-00250

CiNii Research

Publisher：Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering  

Abrasive water-jet treatment (AWT) is applied in this study as a promising surface cleaning method for steel structures. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of changes in the surface properties of steel on the corrosion characteristics of the base steel plate by AWT. The changes in the surface configuration and microstructure of the steel plate obtained at different standoff distances from AWT were compared to those of abrasive blasting. The surface characteristics of the specimens were evaluated for their roughness and micro-structural features. The test results showed that the smaller the standoff distance, the changes in microstructures generated from the increased plastic deformation layers during the AWT became distinct. As the energy reaching the substance during the AWT increased, found the increased surface hardening and the reduced grain size on the plastic deformation sections, which resulted in enhanced corrosion resistance. Hence, it was verified that AWT has a positive effect on the corrosion properties of the base metal as a surface cleaning technic for steel structures.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-99-6368-3_15

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Publisher：Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Digitalization and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2024  

In some environments where the amount of road salts or airborne sea salt particles are relatively high, weathering steels can be corroded remarkably. Under such conditions, weathering steel is unable to form its protective layer of rust, necessitating additional protective measures such as painting. Before repainting weathering steel, it is essential to completely remove not only the protective layer of rust but also any corrosion products. These corrosion products are physically very hard, necessitating chipping before abrasive blasting. However, a single blast treatment is often insufficient to completely remove the corrosion products, requiring multiple repetitions. Despite this, it can be challenging to fully remove chlorides remaining in deeply corroded areas. Such residual chlorides often cause localized corrosion under the coating. Abrasive water-jet treatment (AWT) has been developed as a new method for preparation of weathering steel surface. Abrasive waterjet is one of the cutting technology for cutting harder materials, which has been developed in the 1980s. AWT can remove rust layer containing corrosion easily with the ultra-high pressure water of Mach 2 and abrasive materials. Additionally, during AWT process, the water temperature rises, which effectively helps wash away residual substances containing chlorides. Due to these merits, AWT is superior to conventional surface treatment methods in terms of the removal of thick rust as well as the cleaning of surface residues. In this study, AWT was applied to an actual corroded bridge where it located in Japan, and it was verified the efficiency of removing corrosion products and chlorides. The results demonstrated that both the corrosion products and residual surface chlorides were completely removed in a very short period of time.

DOI： 10.1201/9781003483755-254

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Language：English   Publisher：Kyushu Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering  

Over the past decade, CFRP strips have been increasingly used worldwide to repair or strengthen steel bridges. However, a large number of researchers use uncorroded steel as the target object before attaching CFRP. This approach is somewhat unreasonable as most steel members that require repair have suffered corrosion damage to different degrees. Additionally, before CFRP retrofitting, the corroded steel should be cleaned first, and the level of steel surface cleanliness is dependent upon the rust-removal method used. Even so, it is difficult to entirely remove all corrosion rust from the steel surface in practical applications. This means that in some cases, interfacial defects are almost inevitably going to occur. Therefore, in this study, the effects of interfacial defects on the corroded steel surface, following three kinds of rust-removal methods (acid solvent, disk sander, and abrasive blast), were primarily evaluated by means of the debonding shear stress at the plate end. In addition, several interfacial defects such as air bubbles, kissing bonds, and secondary rust, were observed based on surface and cross-section analyses using SEM-EDX, respectively. Varying amounts of rust residues tend to induce rust-back, and over time, cause visible under-film corrosion based on the observation of fracture interface. These observations can also provide strong evidence to explain why there is a certain reduction in strengthening effectiveness when using CFRP strips to repair corroded steel, compared to uncorroded steel. Finally, the authors argued that the disk sander in a single way for rust removal was insufficient in the case of repairing corroded steel members with a lot of relatively deep corrosion pits. Because severe rust residues and under-film corrosion observed was likely the primary reason for the adhesive's separation from the steel surface, thereby causing very premature failure of CFRP retrofitting.

DOI： 10.60345/kabse.39.0_85

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Structures  

Resin-impregnated carbon fiber fabric reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a novel material for steel structure reinforcement, but its performance is influenced by moisture and temperature. This study investigates the irreversible degradation of CFRP–steel adhesive joints in a hydrothermal setting, focusing on resin hydrothermal aging behavior. Moisture absorption tests, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were conducted to assess moisture's impact on resin matrix's properties. Results indicate that moisture absorption behavior is partially reversible through physical drying, while hydrolysis resulting from moisture absorption is irreversible. The partially reversible aspect of moisture absorption leads to a partial restoration of the thermodynamic properties of the resin matrix. Additionally, the mechanical performance of resin specimens and CFRP-steel adhesive joints in hydrothermal conditions was assessed using tensile and pull-off tests. Findings show that elevated temperatures accelerate the moisture absorption rate of resin while increasing the maximum moisture absorption capacity. The moisture absorption affects the fracture surface morphology of the resin matrix, with aging time negatively correlated with adhesion strength. Compared to the hydrothermally aged state, there is a slight recovery in the mechanical performance of CFRP–steel adhesive joints after drying desorption. The saline environment with no significant promotion aging compared to the distilled water environment. These findings provide insights for evaluating CFRP–steel adhesive joints’ durability in atmospheric or marine environments.

DOI： 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105581

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Publisher：Case Studies in Construction Materials  

This study explored the feasibility of direct coating of steel surfaces treated with a continuous-wave laser (CWL). The adhesion and corrosion resistance of Heavy-Duty Paint coatings were evaluated on CWL-treated surfaces and compared with those of surfaces treated with molten alumina blasting. The results showed that the surface texture created by CWL provided greater adhesion of the Rc-I coating than its cohesive strength. However, the presence of oxides on the CWL-treated surfaces caused a high cathodic disbondment (CD), which reduced the corrosion resistance of the coated steel in corrosive environments. Decreasing the laser head sweep speed can improve the surface roughness and area but does not address the issues of CD and corrosion creep (CC). This study concludes that, given the limitations of current commercial CWL systems, it is recommended to blast CWL-treated surfaces before coating to improve durability and corrosion resistance in corrosive environments.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02420

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Construction and Building Materials  

Atmospheric corrosion is one of the most critical issues in steel structures. To improve the structure's durability and reduce its cost, hot-dip coatings are a significant method for steel protection. The corrosion behavior of Al-based hot-dip coatings has been extensively studied. Galvanic corrosion usually occurs when steel members are coated with different hot-dip coatings and placed in direct contact. In this study, galvanic corrosion of an Al coating in contact with a 55Al–Zn coating in an atmospheric environment was investigated through electrochemical and exposure tests. The galvanic corrosion and its mechanism were studied based on open circuit potential (OCP), galvanic current, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. This study verified the galvanic corrosion of bolt joints in the actual application by the long-term exposure test. The results suggests that 55Al–Zn coating is a good substitute for Zn coating used for bolted joints in contact with Al-coated steel plate.

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132694

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering  

<p>Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic （CFRP）-strengthened steel structures are susceptible to galvanic corrosion, especially in high-humidity and marine environments. This study evaluated the key factors influencing galvanic corrosion coupled between carbon fiber and common steel. These factors include the specific electrochemical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber （CF） materials, contact mode between dissimilar materials, and environmental temperature. The results reveal that the carbon filaments and tows were considered physically homogeneous resistors in the fiber direction. However, the surface resistance drops significantly when the CF cloth is in flat contact with a rough conductive metal surface because of the optimized conductive path and enhanced electric contact area. Moreover, based on the Arrhenius equation, this study has developed a simplified model to explain the acceleration effect of temperature on CF-steel galvanic corrosion. It was found that galvanic corrosion is more sensitive to temperature changes than the corrosion of common steel.</p>

DOI： 10.3323/jcorr.72.202

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering  

<p>This study examined the relationship between the microstructure of the base metal and its corrosion behavior using abrasive water-jet treatment （AWT）. The changes in the surface configuration and microstructural features of carbon steel obtained at different standoff distances from AWT were compared to those of blast treatment. The surface characteristics of the specimens were assessed for their roughness and microstructure. The relationship between roughness and corrosion behavior was the opposite result of conventional literature and showed that factors other than roughness among surface properties have a greater influence on the corrosion resistance for specimens treated in this study. The experimental results showed that the smaller the standoff distance, the changes in microstructures induced from the increased plastic deformation layers during the AWT became apparent. As the energy arriving at the substrate during the AWT increased, we observed the increased surface hardening and the reduced grain size on the plastic deformation sections, which resulted in improved corrosion resistance. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the surface cleaning of AWT has a positive effect on the corrosion properties of the base materials, which maintained their lifespan.</p>

DOI： 10.3323/jcorr.72.169

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108864

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.01.073

Language：English   Publisher：Structures  

This study examined the axial force loss of high-strength bolts after a 3-kW continuous-wave laser (CWL) treatment. Friction connection specimens with M22 high-strength bolts were prepared, and a fixed-angle rotary CWL transmitter with a 26-mm-diameter laser ring and rotating platform was used for nut rotary cleaning of high-strength bolts. Changes in the axial force and temperature of the bolts were monitored during the laser treatment based on the irradiation duration on the nut surface. The experimental results indicated that the minimum and final stable values of the axial force during CWL treatment are affected by the irradiation duration. Multiple rounds of irradiation can reduce the bolt axial force loss for the same total irradiation duration. The 26-mm-diameter laser ring can sufficiently cover the surface of commonly used bolt heads and nuts in bridges, and the local temperature effect does not influence the axial force loss in adjacent bolts. The distribution of the bolt temperature when the CWL treatment the bolt is simulated by an FE model, which proves the overall temperature of the bolt does not exceed 300 °C and remains in a normal working condition when the continuous irradiation duration is less than 45 s. From the relationship between the axial force change and treatment duration, the axial force loss formula was fitted, which can help provide a maintenance plan for M22 bolt cleaning using 3-kW CWL.

DOI： 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.01.073

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Language：English   Publisher：Optics and Laser Technology  

A 3 kW continuous-wave (CW) laser was used for the laser cleaning of weathering steel with artificial corrosion pits. Specimens with different degrees of corrosion were obtained by NaCl deposition in artificial pits of 10 mg/m2, 100 mg/m2 and 1000 mg/m2 through constant dew point dry and wet cycles for one year. To develop quantitative evaluation methods that can be applied on-site, the cleanliness of the laser-cleaned surface was evaluated through visual observation, turning time, and photographic analysis. The results reveal that the photometric analysis based on the CIE L*a*b* color space can be used to evaluate the surface cleanliness of surfaces treated with a CW laser, which is consistent with the results of the turning time test. The color difference of the surface before and after the laser treatment can be used as a quantitative index to evaluate cleanliness. The proposed laser surface treatment procedures can provide a reference for cleaning corroded weathering steel structures and achieve cleanliness of more than 80 % and a longer turning time.

DOI： 10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108864

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering  

It is commonly duplex layers partially placed on a thermal sprayed coating when narrow parts are difficult to thermal spray. In a previous study, it was shown that when the duplex layer has a defect, thermal spray coating deteriorates faster than the single-layer coating. It is critical to evaluate and anticipate the occurrence and progression of duplex layer degradation and blistering in order to execute effective maintenance management for steel structures. In this investigation, specimens with duplex layers were exposed to the atmosphere and corrosion environment was monitored using ACM-type corrosion sensors and temperature-humidity sensors. Based on these findings, we proposed a method to evaluate the deterioration and blister progression of duplex layer between Al-5Mg thermal sprayed coating and heavy-duty paint coating in an environment without rain-washing action of adhered sea salt.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-19-4293-8_38

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering  

A high-power continuous-wave laser is applied in this study as a replaceable surface treatment method for steel structures. Various forms of corrosion pits will affect the laser treatment efficiency for surface preparation of severely corroded steel structures. In order to evaluate the effect of laser treatment on the steel surface with corrosion pits, carbon steels with artificial pits of various depths and widths were performed and treated by laser irradiation. SEM-EDX analysis distinctly identified laser-treated areas under conditions by mapping elements. Results indicate the laser beam can reach the bottom of pits, promising cleaning efficiency of laser irradiation is still worth expecting.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-19-4293-8_34

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering  

A new cathodic protection method including a sacrificial anode and a water swelling rubber was developed and applied to steel members in boundary with ground in the environment of stagnant water and dryness. To ensure applicability, the water swelling rubber was considered as the electrolyte carrier. The reliabilities in water absorption and retention capacity of the rubber were verified by an immersion and drying test. In addition, an electrochemical test was conducted to evaluate the applicability of the water swelling rubber under different environmental conditions. The test results demonstrated that the water absorption and retention performance of the rubber are associated with electrolyte concentration. And the method with the rubber is suitable for immersed and dry environments.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-19-6841-9_22

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> In steel highway bridges, the multi-layered overlapping coating was adopted in some cases, which applies paint on the sprayed coating. There are many unclear points about the durability and anti-corrosion properties of this overlapped coating film. In this study, to clarify the durability and anti-corrosion characteristics of overlapping layers between Al and Zn thermal sprayed coating and heavy duty paint coating, the specimens of single sprayed coating and overlapping coatings were prepared for the combined cyclic corrosion tests. A cross-cut coating defect was introduced into each specimen. After the test, the coating blister scans and electrochemical measurements on polarization were carried out on specimens, while the cross-section elemental analyses using SEM-EDX, and compound identification by XRD, etc. were also conducted. Test results indicate that the durability of Al overlapping layers is lower than that of the Zn overlapping layer, which deteriorated faster. Moreover, the degradation mechanism of the overlapping coatings between Al- or Zn-based sprayed coating and heavy duty paint coating was investigated, for those exposed to a highly corrosive and salinity environment.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejj.22-00288

CiNii Research

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Journal of Cleaner Production  

A highly effective, environmentally friendly, high-power continuous-wave laser (CWL) transmitter was newly developed to remove corrosion products from severely corroded steel structures. In this regard, treatment conditions of dry laser cleaning (DLC) and wet laser cleaning (WLC) of the drench, soak, and rinse methods are adopted, and the cleanliness effect is compared with that of conventional abrasive blasting treatment. The morphologies and chemical compositions of untreated and treated surfaces are analyzed using three-dimensional digital microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The results show that laser cleaning can efficiently remove corrosion products and salts that severely corrode steel members, as well as prolong the re-corrosion time of the cleaned surfaces. WLC can achieve excellent microscopic cleaning and reduce the effect of high-temperature inputs on the surface via laser irradiation. Further mechanistic analysis indicates that ablation, melting, and evaporation during laser cleaning primarily contribute to the removal of corrosion products and salts. As a result, the WLC drench method yields the best surface cleanliness and is suitable for practical engineering applications. This study provides a basis for maintaining severely corroded structures via laser-cleaning techniques.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134224

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publisher：Composites Part B: Engineering  

This study focused on the interfacial bond behavior of steel-CFRP (carbon fiber-reinforced polymer) adhesion joint associations with different steel surface treatments through typical pull-off and shear tests. The specimens were fabricated based on wet layup laminating CFRP and clean/corroded steel plates. Four types of surface treatments and two kinds of pre-coating processes were investigated to optimize the interfacial bond behavior. Meanwhile, the conventional rust removal methods were also studied by clarifying the physical and chemical characteristics of steel surfaces. Test results evaluated the topography, microstructure, and surface composition of clean and corroded steel specimens, and qualitatively established their relation to bonding behaviors and failure modes. A strong correlation existed between the surface geometry properties and the tensile/shear strength, however, for clean and corroded steel surfaces their fracture mechanisms differ. Various physical property parameters of the corroded surface related to surface treatment will further affect the bond performance. The corresponding adhesion mechanisms were mathematically demonstrated based on the surface energy principle. The present experimental results provide new insights into the interfacial bond mechanism between corroded steel structures and adhesive or CFRP composites.

DOI： 10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110280

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110280

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A highly effective, environmentally friendly, high-power continuous-wave laser (CWL) transmitter was newly developed to remove corrosion products from severely corroded steel structures. In this regard, treatment conditions of dry laser cleaning (DLC) and wet laser cleaning (WLC) of the drench, soak, and rinse methods are adopted, and the cleanliness effect is compared with that of conventional abrasive blasting treatment. The morphologies and chemical compositions of untreated and treated surfaces are analyzed using three-dimensional digital microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The results show that laser cleaning can efficiently remove corrosion products and salts that severely corrode steel members, as well as prolong the re-corrosion time of the cleaned surfaces. WLC can achieve excellent microscopic cleaning and reduce the effect of high-temperature inputs on the surface via laser irradiation. Further mechanistic analysis indicates that ablation, melting, and evaporation during laser cleaning primarily contribute to the removal of corrosion products and salts. As a result, the WLC drench method yields the best surface cleanliness and is suitable for practical engineering applications. This study provides a basis for maintaining severely corroded structures via laser-cleaning techniques.

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134224

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.78.2_213

Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Advanced Steel Construction  

Drilling the stop-hole ahead of the crack is a common maintenance method when the crack tip cannot be accurately identified or the crack length is short with a narrow operating space. The fatigue test and finite element simulation were conducted to study the crack-propagation mode and stress characteristics of the stop-hole after drilling. By monitoring the hole-edge strain, combined with simulation results and experimental phenomena, the reason for the change of crack-growth direction and path after drilling ahead of the tip was explained. Local stress characteristics of the fatigue crack before and after drilling ahead were compared to explore the influence on crack propagation. The result shows that the stop-hole will crack in advance while the original crack has not reached hole edge and two cracks will propagate in opposite direction at a rapid rate until they meet. The stop hole can guide the crack to propagate towards the stress concentration zone in front of hole edge, which is the reason for crack turning at the hole. Drilling ahead of the crack increases the stress intensity factor at the crack tip by 15% to speed up crack propagation and weaken the arresting effect. However, crack retardation can still be observed after the original crack converges with the crack initiating from hole.

DOI： 10.18057/IJASC.2022.18.2.3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106679

Publisher：International Journal of Fatigue  

The stop-hole stress characteristics under out-of-plane shear (mode III) were compared with that under in-plane tension (I) and shear (II). Drilling effect of mixed mode I & III cracks were analyzed. The result shows that drilling for mode III cracks can achieve a better effect. The stop-hole life Ni is related to component failure life Nf, elastic modulus, stress intensity factor KI and hole radius R. The ratio Ni/Nf is linear to hole edge strain and KI/R, through which the hole life in real bridges can be evaluated. Critical and reasonable hole diameters can also be determined after measuring KI.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106679

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105894

Language：English   Publisher：Engineering Failure Analysis  

Finger-type expansion joints (FJs) have been extensively used in highway bridges and are exposed to the repeated impacts of traffic loading and corrosive environments. In this study, the corrosion and cracking behaviors of FJs serving in bridges for more than 25 years were investigated. The microstructure, electrochemical properties, and dynamic response of the FJs were investigated to analyze the fracture mechanism. The results showed that the crack-induced mechanisms of the two main failure modes were different because the synergistic effect of corrosion with residual stress changed depending on the degree of corrosion. First, considerable residual tensile stress, which enhanced the effective stress range, was the critical cause of fatigue crack initiation in the less corroded heat-affected zone (HAZ). Second, the dominant mechanism for cracking was the applied stress to the severely eroded FJ bottom, which was accelerated by galvanic corrosion. Crack-inducing factors included a combination of stress concentration and dynamic springback behavior.

DOI： 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105894

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> Many cases of undercoating corrosion occurred at the early stage after repainting have been reported in the steel structures, mainly caused by the residual corrosion products containing salts on the steel substrate. A high-power continuous wave (CW) laser cleaning has been considered one of the effective rust removal methods applied to steel plates. However, there are no fundamental studies on the surface characteristics of steel substrate after the CW laser surface preparation. This study aims to conduct an essential examination of the surface characteristics of steel treated with a high-power CW laser. The objectives of this study are the laser-irradiated steel, and the steel blasted after laser irradiation, conducting the surface roughness measurement, metallographic analysis, XRD analysis, electro-chemical tests, and adhesion test on anti-corrosion coating. The results demonstrated the surface characteristics, the composition of the oxide film, the depth of the re-melted zone and heat-affected zone, the residual property of oxide film, and its corrosion resistance. The adhesion properties of paint coating and thermal spray coating were also revealed.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejseee.78.2_213

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Foundry Engoneering Society  

DOI： 10.11279/jfeskouen.179_46

CiNii Research

Publisher：Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering  

Hot-dip Al coating is an effective and economical protection method for steel structures. Hot-dip Al coated steel members have also been used in the case that contact with concrete. Al is an amphoteric metal that can react with acid and alkaline. Concrete is an alkaline material. The corrosion behavior of hot-dip Al coating contact with concrete is studied by measurement OCP and monitoring the change of pH during the hardening process of concrete. And the atmospheric test that simulates the actual structures. The corrosion products are analyzed by the diffraction of X-rays (XRD). The hot-dip Al coating can be dissolved during the hardening process. With the decreasing pH of concrete, the Al coating also has a relatively stable due to the passivation effect. In the dry and no stagnant water environment, the hot-dip Al coating has a better anti-corrosion behavior due to the passivation and shielding effect of complex calcium-aluminum compounds.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-16-6932-3_21

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122065

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.77.3_439

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-021-00485-y

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2021.1943818

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106727

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122085

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.76.3_467

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117405

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DOI： 10.20964/2019.10.40

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800336

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2005.07.004

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106679

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105894

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Language：Japanese   Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

Responsible for pages：鋼構造シリーズ23   Language：Japanese   Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

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Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

Repository Public URL： https://hdl.handle.net/2324/7238316

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Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：福岡大学   Country：Japan  

Repository Public URL： https://hdl.handle.net/2324/7238319

Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

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Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

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Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

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Event date： 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：RAMADA PLAZA JEJU   Country：Korea, Republic of  

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Event date： 2023.10 - 2023.11

Language：Japanese  

Venue：アクリエひめじ   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.10 - 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：アクリエひめじ   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.10 - 2023.11

Language：Japanese  

Venue：アクリエひめじ   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.10 - 2023.11

Language：English  

Venue：アクリエひめじ   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.10 - 2023.11

Language：Japanese  

Venue：アクリエひめじ   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.10 - 2023.11

Language：Japanese  

Venue：アクリエひめじ   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.10

Language：English  

Venue：Chengdu   Country：China  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：English  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：English  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：English  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：English  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：English  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.9

Language：English  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2023.9

Language：English