Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Plasma Processes and Polymers  

The current research focuses on carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion at ambient conditions using streamer plasma. In this study, treatment time and humidity have been found to influence CO2 conversion. Our findings reveal a maximum CO2 conversion rate of 35.2%, achieved with a remarkably high energy efficiency of CO2 conversion at 135% and a low energy cost of 2.17 eV/molecule. We employed optical emission and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy to analyze the different dissociation products of CO2 and determine the percentage of CO2 conversion. Furthermore, we utilized a two-dimensional (2D) fluid dynamics model and a zero-dimensional (0D) chemistry model to gain insights into the reactor mechanism.

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.202300141

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Reports  

This study provides the health effects assessment of rice cultivated from plasma-irradiated seeds. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated from seeds with plasma irradiation showed a growth improvement (slope-ratios of with plasma to without plasma were 1.066, 1.042, and 1.255 for tiller, and earing, and ripening periods, respectively) and an 4% increase in yield. The cultivated rice was used for repeated oral administrations to mice for 4-week period. Distilled water and rice cultivated from seeds without plasma irradiation were also used as control. The weights of the lung, kidney, liver, and spleen, with corresponding average values of 0.22 g, 0.72 g, 2.1 g, and 0.17 g for w/ plasma group and 0.22 g, 0.68 g, 2.16 g, and 0.14 g for w/o plasma group, respectively, showing no effect due to the administration of rice cultivated from plasma-irradiated seeds. Nutritional status, liver function, kidney function, and lipid, neutral fat profiles, and glucose metabolism have no significant difference between with and without plasma groups. These results show no obvious subacute effects were observed on rice grains cultivated and harvested from the mother plant that experienced growth improvement by plasma irradiation. This study provides a new finding that there is no apparent adverse health effect on the grains harvested from the plasma-irradiated seeds.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-023-43897-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

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Plasma irradiation leads not only active species, but also reactive chemical species, ultraviolet light, electric fields, magnetic fields, and shock waves. To date the effects of reactive chemical species have been mainly discussed. To understand the biological effect caused by an electric potential induced with an atmospheric-pressure plasma, the behavior of cell stimulated by electric potential was investigated using HeLa cell. The cell concentration assay revealed that less than 20% of cells inactivated by potential stimulation and the remained cells proliferate afterward. Fluorescent microscopic observation revealed that potential stimulation is appreciable to transport the molecules through membrane. These results show that potential stimulation induces intracellular and extracellular molecular transport, while the stimulation has a low lethal effect. A possible mechanism for this molecular transport by potential stimulation was also shown using numerical simulation based on an equivalent circuit of the experimental system including adhered HeLa cell. The potential formation caused by plasma generation is decisive in the contribution of plasma science to molecular biology and the elucidation of the mechanism underlying a biological response induction by plasma irradiation.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-023-42976-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing  

High-quality amorphous silicon nitride (SiNx) thin films were fabricated by the controlled growth of nanoparticles during SiH4+N2 multi-hollow remote plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at low substrate temperature 100 °C. Measurements from quartz crystal microbalances showed that a higher amount of nanoparticle incorporation in the SiNx film corresponded to a higher ratio of N/Si in the film, implying that the nanoparticles were nitrided in the plasma phase. We controlled the size of the nanoparticles by tuning the gas flow ratio of N2/SiH4 and the total gas flow rate. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that smaller nanoparticles in the plasma led to a higher ratio of N/Si in the film and a lower hydrogen content. We attribute these results to the low heat capacity and large specific surface area of the nanoparticles, which enabled active chemical reactions on their surface in the plasma.

DOI： 10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107613

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

A gas-liquid discharge plasma (GLDP) reactor is used to degrade organic pollutants such as phenol. GLDP contains a 7-pin plate system used to enhance phenol degradation in the presence of various pH, and gas bubbles produced from air, O2, O3, CO2, and Ar gases. Experimental outcomes show the impact of solution pH, as phenol degradation efficiencies of 85%, 90%, 96%, and 98% were obtained for pH of 12, 9, 3, and 1, respectively, after 60 min of treatment. This shows that the optimum pH for phenol degradation lies between 1 and 3. Moreover, we explored the influence of gas bubbles generated using various gases, such as air, O2, O3, CO2, and Ar, on phenol degradation. In the presence of O3 gas bubbles, the rate and degree of phenol degradation were significantly increased compared to gas bubbles produced from other gases (O2, CO2, Ar, and air). The degradation competence of phenol by added oxygen remained higher than argon. The performance of the GLDP system at various pH values and gas bubbles was evaluated using kinetic models. Pseudo-zero, first and second reaction kinetics models were used to examine the degradation of phenol. The rate of degradation at different pH and in the presence of gas bubbles follows pseudo-zero-order kinetics. Our GLDP reactor consumed energy of 127.5 J l-1 for phenol degradation under the influence of air bubbles and pH 5. The outcome of this research can help in the design of new reactors for industrial wastewater treatment.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/acebfb

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing  

We experimentally report the control of structural inhomogeneity and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO films using nitrogen mediated-crystallization. The ZnO:CoN were grown on a silicon substrate at room temperature by RF-magnetron sputtering using nitrogen and followed by a post-annealing treatment for 3 hours at 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C in the air. This method induces changes in inhomogeneity properties comprised by microstructure and stoichiometry of each film, which are confirmed by X-ray diffraction, thermal desorption, and X-ray fluorescence measurements. The difference in inhomogeneity has led to the transformation in the magnetic properties. Films annealed at 400 °C, which showed the highest inhomogeneity, exhibited superparamagnetic-ferromagnetic properties. In contrast, all the other films exhibited diamagnetic properties. Increasing the post-annealing temperature above 400 °C reduces inhomogeneities indicated by improved grain size, decreased impurities, and lattice parameters and stoichiometry of ZnO:CoN films approached those of pure ZnO. Our present results will contribute to control the inhomogeneity of ZnO:Co films to improve magnetic properties at room temperature.

DOI： 10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107503

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

The surface passivation of crystalline silicon (c-Si) is studied during growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) by means of plasma-enhanced CVD. The surface passivation is characterized by an in situ method of the photocurrent measurement of c-Si during the growth of an a-Si:H passivation layer at various growth temperatures. The passivation is also characterized by an ex situ method of the carrier lifetime measurement performed at RT in air. According to both the in situ and ex situ characterization results, the surface passivation is optimized around a growth temperate of 200 °C, where the defect reduction and the band offset formation at the a-Si:H/c-Si interface play important roles.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ace118

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP Publishing  

Abstract

This study aimed to realize in situ resource utilization in deep-space missions. The Sabatier reaction is used to generate CH₄ from CO₂, which accounts for 95% of the Martian atmosphere, and H₂ from H₂O on Mars. In general, thermal catalysis at temperatures above 250 °C drives the process. This high-temperature process, however, causes catalyst deactivation due to overheating. Plasma catalysis drives low-temperature reactions by excitation and decomposition of source gases via electron impact. We investigated the effect of removing H₂O from gas phase in the reaction with Cu and Ni catalysts using molecular sieves in this study. The reverse reaction can be aided by OH radicals derived from H₂O. Therefore, CO₂ conversion increased from 49.4% to 69.1% for Cu catalysts with molecular sieves, and CH₄ selectivity increased from 3.49% to 6.33%. These findings imply that removing H₂O can suppress the reverse reactions.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ace831

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Other Link： https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.35848/1347-4065/ace831/pdf

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

Highly selective Si3N4 etching on Si was achieved in a CH3F/O2/Ar plasma using pulsed-microwave plasma and time-modulation bias. The Si3N4/Si selectivity reached infinity at a peak-to-peak voltage (V pp) of 240 V. The effect of pulsed-microwave on CH3F gas dissociation for highly selective Si3N4 etching was investigated by deposited film analysis, optical emission spectroscopy, and ion current flux measurements. As the duty cycle of the pulsed-microwave was decreased, the plasma density during the pulse on period decreased and the CH/H ratio increased. The pulsed-microwave plasma produced low-dissociation radicals by providing a low plasma density. The low-dissociation radicals in the CH3F plasma formed a fluorine (F)-rich hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) layer on the Si3N4 wafer surface. The F-rich HFC layer promotes Si3N4 etching even at low ion energy, where Si etching does not proceed, and enables highly selective Si3N4 etching on Si.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ace0ca

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

CO2 methanation is an effective technology for CO2 reduction. Generally, methanation reactions are accelerated using thermal catalysts. However, the temperature control is difficult because CO2 methanation is an exothermic reaction, and the catalyst is deactivated by overheating. Plasma catalysis can solve this problem by driving this reaction at lower temperatures. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the contribution of the active species generated in the plasma to CO2 methanation. We found that the density of active species is linearly related to the power density, and in particular, the CH4 generation rate is determined by the CO-derived active species, not the H-derived active species. Furthermore, with an increase in the catalyst temperature, a new reaction pathway for CH4 production is added. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the relationship between the active species produced in plasma and CO2 methanation.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/acdad9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers in Physics  

Colossal research on CO2 and N2 conversion using non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology has been ongoing since many years. The primary focus is on CO and NH3 production through CO2 and N2 conversion, respectively, with high conversion efficiency and low energy consumption with or without catalysts. Although in the present study, we propose that the NTP can assist in converting CO2 and N2 to plant nutrients in the form of plasma-treated/activated water. We used a homemade streamer plasma device and produced plasma-activated water (PAW) using CO2 and N2 feed gas, CO2-activated water (CAW) and N2-activated water (NAW). Later, we used CAW and NAW to treat the radish seeds and evaluate the germination rate, germination percentage, and seeding growth. To understand the chemical changes in PAW after the NTP treatment, we performed a chemical analysis to detect NO2¯, NO3¯, NH4+, and H2O2 along with the PAW pH and temperature shift. Additionally, to understand the other species produced in the gas phase, we simulated chemical reactions using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. Our results show that NOx and NHx species are less produced in CAW than in NAW, but CO2-generated PAW offers a significantly more substantial effect on enhancing the germination rate and seeding growth than NAW. Therefore, we suggested that CO and H2O2 formed during CAW production trigger early germination and growth enhancement. Furthermore, the total plasma reactor energy consumption, NO3¯ and NH4+ selective production percentage, and N2 conversion percentage were calculated. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that uses plasma-assisted CO2 conversion as a nutrient for plant growth.

DOI： 10.3389/fphy.2023.1211166

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Biomolecules  

The potential of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in biomedical applications has received significant interest, due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Upon exposure to living cells, CAP triggers alterations in various cellular components, such as the cell membrane. However, the permeation of RONS across nitrated and oxidized membranes remains understudied. To address this gap, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations, to investigate the permeation capabilities of RONS across modified cell membranes. This computational study investigated the translocation processes of less hydrophilic and hydrophilic RONS across the phospholipid bilayer (PLB), with various degrees of oxidation and nitration, and elucidated the impact of RONS on PLB permeability. The simulation results showed that less hydrophilic species, i.e., NO, NO2, N2O4, and O3, have a higher penetration ability through nitro-oxidized PLB compared to hydrophilic RONS, i.e., HNO3, s-cis-HONO, s-trans-HONO, H2O2, HO2, and OH. In particular, nitro-oxidation of PLB, induced by, e.g., cold atmospheric plasma, has minimal impact on the penetration of free energy barriers of less hydrophilic species, while it lowers these barriers for hydrophilic RONS, thereby enhancing their translocation across nitro-oxidized PLB. This research contributes to a better understanding of the translocation abilities of RONS in the field of plasma biomedical applications and highlights the need for further analysis of their role in intracellular signaling pathways.

DOI： 10.3390/biom13071043

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

Plasma-driven liquid flows that are generated in bulk liquid by plasma irradiation are one of the key factors in understanding the interaction between plasma and liquid. In this work, the direction of the plasma-driven liquid flow was successfully switched and controlled only by changing the frequency of argon plasma jet generation. The liquid flow could switch in the opposite direction within 3 s after the frequency change. Changes in the emission spectra with frequency have an important effect on the liquid flows, with results from current waveforms indicating that the frequency also changes the characteristics of the plasma jet.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/acde29

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

The etching characteristics were studied via time-modulation bias (bias pulsing) by varying the pulsing parameters. The etch profiles were verified using polysilicon gate structures with dense and isolated patterns. Ion energy was defined as the peak-to-peak voltage (V pp) controlled by the RF bias power. The durations of the on period and off period (off time) of bias pulsing were adjusted by the pulse frequency and duty cycle. Profile evolution was observed in the variations in V pp and off time. Increasing the ion energy induced vertical profiles of dense patterns and the tapered profiles of isolated patterns. Extending the off time of bias pulsing induced tapered profiles of dense patterns and vertical profiles of isolated patterns. These results indicated that increasing the ion energy and pulse off time simultaneously was the direction to achieve anisotropic etch profiles for both the isolated and dense patterns.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/acc7ab

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

Methanation of CO2 is a key technology to realize a sustainable society. The reactions should be driven at a lower temperatures from the viewpoint of catalyst stability. Methanation with plasma catalysis can drive reactions at lower temperature than thermal catalysis. However, the reaction mechanism is little understood due to the complexity of the interactions. In this study, we investigated the power and pressure dependence of the methanation efficiency when only plasma is used as a fundamental research. We discuss how these parameters change the vibrational temperature and active species density and affect the methanation efficiency using optical emission spectroscopy.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/acc66a

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Plants  

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is an economically important source of natural low-calorie sweeteners, steviol glycosides (SGs), with stevioside (Stev) and rebaudioside A (RebA) being the most abundant. Pre-sowing seed treatment with cold plasma (CP) was shown to stimulate SGs biosynthesis/accumulation up to several fold. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility to predict CP-induced biochemical changes in plants from morphometric parameters. Principle component analysis (PCA) was applied to two different sets of data: morphometric parameters versus SGs concentrations and ratio, and morphometric parameters versus other secondary metabolites (total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC)) and antioxidant activity (AA). Seeds were treated for 2, 5 and 7 min with CP (CP2, CP5 and CP7 groups) before sowing. CP treatment stimulated SGs production. CP5 induced the highest increase of RebA, Stev and RebA+Stev concentrations (2.5-, 1.6-, and 1.8-fold, respectively). CP did not affect TPC, TFC or AA and had a duration-dependent tendency to decrease leaf dry mass and plant height. The correlation analysis of individual plant traits revealed that at least one morphometric parameter negatively correlates with Stev orRebA+Stev concentration after CP treatment.

DOI： 10.3390/plants12081585

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Genes and Environment  

Background: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma technologies form the core of many scientific advances, including in the electronic, industrial, and biotechnological fields. The use of plasma as a cancer therapy has recently attracted significant attention due to its cancer cell killing activity. Plasma-activated Ringer’s lactate solution (PAL) exhibits such activity. In addition to ROS, PAL contains active compounds or species that cause cancer cell death, but the potential mutagenic risks of PAL have not been studied. Results: PAL has a low pH value and a high concentration of H2O2. H2O2 was removed from PAL using catalase and catalase-treated PAL with a pH of 5.9 retained a killing effect on HeLa cells whereas this effect was not observed if the PAL was adjusted to pH 7.2. Catalase-treated PAL at pH 5.9 had no significant effect on mutation frequency, the expression of γH2AX, or G2 arrest in HeLa cells. Conclusion: PAL contains one or more active compounds or species in addition to H2O2 that have a killing effect on HeLa cells. The compound(s) is active at lower pH conditions and apparently exhibits no genotoxicity. This study suggested that identification of the active compound(s) in PAL could lead to the development of novel anticancer drugs for future cancer therapy.

DOI： 10.1186/s41021-023-00260-x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

The inverted Stranski–Krastanov (SK) mode is useful for heteroepitaxial growth of single-crystalline ZnO films on 18% lattice-mismatched sapphire substrates. We studied the role of nitrogen atoms during fabrication of a three-dimensional island-shaped buffer layer. We found an unprecedented maximum in the substrate temperature dependence of the density of the crystal grains, which facilitated the growth of flat ZnO layers. To reveal the mechanism of the aforementioned maximum, we measured the absolute N atom density in Ar/N2 sputtering plasma [N]plasma by vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. At [N]plasma = 2.2 × 1010 cm−3, we fabricated a ZnO film with a pit-free surface, attributable to the large surface reaction probability and small incorporation ratio of N atoms into the ZnO films. To describe these results, we applied an Ising model. The analytical calculations provide insights for inverted SK mode and clearly reveal the critical effects of the flux densities. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1557/s43578-022-00886-7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media SA  

DOI： 10.3389/fphy.2022.1118018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Electrochimica Acta  

Light harvesting plays a significant role in the enhancement on photovoltaic performance. It is closely associated with the photocurrent of solar cells. It is possible to improve light harvesting by material substitution as well as expansion of absorptive edge. Therefore, upconversion characteristics is one of promising solutions for better light harvesting. Upconverting materials emit visible light which is available for photoconversion after they absorb invisible near-infrared (NIR) light. In this study, Er3+ doped Y2O3 (Y2O3:Er3+) nanoparticles were used as upconverting material. Its strong emissions of green and red light corresponding to 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transitions were clearly demonstrated under NIR irradiation of 975 nm wavelength. These emissions were apparently absorbed by dye-sensitized electrode. Based on these results, Y2O3:Er3+ nanoparticles were introduced into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). After incorporating Y2O3:Er3+ nanoparticles, photovoltage was increased due to its high band-gap energy of about 5 eV. On the other hand, the photocurrent was decreased because of the decrease in adsorbed dye amount and electron paths. However, the photoconversion edge was obviously expanded. As a result, DSC performance was enhanced with optimum upconverting particles. It exhibited an efficiency of 8.03%, which was higher than that of a conventional DSC.

DOI： 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141407

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We have investigated the effects of amplitude modulation (AM) discharges especially in differences of AM frequency on plasma parameters such as electric field, electron density, electron temperature, ion energy distribution function (IEDF), and ion angular distribution function (IADF) of capacitively coupled AM discharge Ar plasma using a Particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) model. The electron density and the kinetic energy of ions incident on the grounded electrode oscillate periodically with the AM frequency. The oscillation amplitude of the electron density in the central plasma region between the electrodes decreases with increasing the AM frequency above 5 kHz. On the other hand, the peak energy of IEDF decreases with increasing the AM frequency above 500 kHz. Thus, the AM frequency is a good tuning knob to control such plasma parameters.

DOI： 10.1557/s43580-022-00417-w

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology  

DOI： 10.1109/OJNANO.2022.3224346

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(ZnO)X(InN)1-X films have been epitaxially grown on 0.9%-lattice-mismatched ZnO substrates at 450 °C by sputtering. Films fabricated on O-polar substrates exhibit higher crystal quality and smoother surface. The full width at half-maximum of (0002) rocking curve and the root-mean-square roughness (Rq) of a 30-nm-thick film on O-polar surface are 0.21° and 2.71 nm, respectively, whereas those on Zn-polar one are 0.32° and 4.30 nm, respectively. Rq on O-polar surface further decreases to 0.73 nm as the thickness decreases to 10 nm, where we successfully obtained atomically flat single-crystalline films having atomically sharp interface with the substrates. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the Stranski–Krastanov (layer plus island) growth for O-polar case and just 3D islanding mode growth for Zn-polar one. All the results indicate the much longer migration length of adatoms on O-polar surface during the film growth, enabling adatoms to reach their thermodynamically favored positions even at low substrate temperature. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1557/s43578-022-00827-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：2022 International Conference on Informatics Electrical and Electronics, ICIEE 2022 - Proceedings  

Ferromagnetic semiconductor has attracted much attention for the application of spintronic devices, which will bring next generation of the information technology. Cobalt-doped Zinc Oxides (ZnO: Co) is strong candidate of this material group. The ZnO: Co films were grown on a silicon substrate (100) at room temperature by radio-frequency (rf) sputtering deposition and followed by post-Annealing treatment for 3 hours at 400°C and 800°C in the air. The transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic occurs after annealing at 400°C, and the properties return to paramagnetic like as-deposition when the temperature rises to 800°C. The XRD measurement of ZnO: Co films exhibited a wurtzite structure in the (002) plane and was free from secondary phases. Then, post-Annealing at 400°C due to shift peak and decrease oxygen element, meanwhile the crystallinity significantly up to 800°C.

DOI： 10.1109/ICIEE55596.2022.10010108

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP Publishing  

Abstract

We investigated the effects of amplitude modulated (AM) capacitively coupled Ar discharge plasma on the ion energy distribution function (IEDF) and the ion angular distribution function (IADF) incident on electrodes using the particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model. For AM discharge, the electron density and electron temperature and the kinetic energy and angle of ions incident on the ground electrode change periodically with AM frequency, whereas ones for continuous wave discharge are almost constant. For AM discharge, the plasma had hysteresis characteristics. The peak energy of IEDF varies from 53 to 135 eV and the FWHM of IADF varies from 1.82 to 3.34 degrees for gas pressure 10mTorr, the peak-to-peak input voltage 400 V and AM level of 50%. The variation width of the peak energy of IEDF and FWHM of IADF increases with the AM level. These effects of AM method discharge are more noticeable at lower pressures. Thus, the AM discharge offers a way to control simultaneously IEDF and IADF, which opens a new avenue for plasma processes such as an ALD-like PECVD.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ac7626

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DOI： 10.1063/5.0097691

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DOI： 10.1063/5.0097691

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Antioxidants  

In order to ensure sufficient food resources for a constantly growing human population, new technologies (e.g., cold plasma technologies) are being developed for increasing the germination and seedling growth without negative effects on the environment. Pinaceae species are considered a natural source of antioxidant compounds and are valued for their pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. In this study, the seeds of seven different Norway spruce half-sib families were processed for one or two minutes with cold plasma (CP) using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma equipment. At the end of the second vegetation season, the total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) antioxidant activity, and the amounts of six organic acids (folic, malic, citric, oxalic, succinic, and ascorbic) were determined in the needles of different half-sib families of Norway spruce seedlings. The results show that the TFC, antioxidant activity, and amounts of organic acids in the seedling needles depended on both the treatment duration and the genetic family. The strongest positive effect on the TFC was determined in the seedlings of the 477, 599, and 541 half-sib families after seed treatment with CP for 1 min (CP1). The TFC in these families increased from 118.06 mg g−1 to 312.6 mg g−1 compared to the control. Moreover, seed treatment with CP1 resulted in the strongest increase in the antioxidant activity of the needles of the 541 half-sib family seedlings; the antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH and ABTS tests, increased by 30 and 23%, respectively, compared to the control. The obtained results indicate that the CP effect on the amount of organic acids in the needles was dependent on the half-sib family. It was determined that treatment with CP1 increased the amount of five organic acids in the needles of the 541 half-sib family seedlings. The presented results show future possibilities for using cold plasma seed treatment in the food and pharmacy industries.

DOI： 10.3390/antiox11081558

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Abstract

Discharge plasma irradiates seeds with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). However, RONS introduced in seeds by plasma irradiation have not been successfully detected thus far. This study provides experimental evidence that nitrate ion NO₃⁻ is introduced in lettuce seeds as RONS upon irradiation with atmospheric-pressure air dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Plasma irradiation for 5 min promotes seed germination. The components of the plasma-irradiated seeds were examined using electrospray ionization quantum mass spectrometry (ESI QMS), which revealed that the plasma irradiation introduced an ion with a mass of 62 m/z in detectable amounts. This ion was identified as NO₃⁻ by liquid chromatography (LC), multiple wavelength detector (MWD), and LC-ESI QMS. A one-dimensional simulation at electron temperature T_e = 1 eV, electron density N_e = 10¹³/m³, and gas temperature T_g = 300 K indicated the introduction of NO₃⁻, involving nitric oxide NO. NO₃⁻ is one of the most important ions that trigger signal transduction for germination when introduced in seeds. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that there was no change on the surface of the seeds after plasma irradiation. Plasma irradiation is an effective method of introducing NO₃⁻ in seeds in a dry process without causing damage.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-16641-1

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Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16641-1

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics  

The 2022 Roadmap is the next update in the series of Plasma Roadmaps published by Journal of Physics D with the intent to identify important outstanding challenges in the field of low-temperature plasma (LTP) physics and technology. The format of the Roadmap is the same as the previous Roadmaps representing the visions of 41 leading experts representing 21 countries and five continents in the various sub-fields of LTP science and technology. In recognition of the evolution in the field, several new topics have been introduced or given more prominence. These new topics and emphasis highlight increased interests in plasma-enabled additive manufacturing, soft materials, electrification of chemical conversions, plasma propulsion, extreme plasma regimes, plasmas in hypersonics, data-driven plasma science and technology and the contribution of LTP to combat COVID-19. In the last few decades, LTP science and technology has made a tremendously positive impact on our society. It is our hope that this roadmap will help continue this excellent track record over the next 5-10 years.

DOI： 10.1088/1361-6463/ac5e1c

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

We investigated the Ar mixture ratio dependence of the high-energy electron behaviors in capacitively coupled Ar+Ne plasmas using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) and Phase-Resolved Optical Emission Spectroscopy (PROES) methods. OES measurements showed that optical emission intensities of Ar and Ne decreased as Ar mixture ratio increased, which implied decreases in the excitation rates of Ar and Ne. The spatio-temporal distribution of the Ar I 2p1 excitation rate was measured using the PROES method. These measurements showed the Ar I 2p1 excitation rate decreased as the Ar mixture ratio increased, which was consistent with the OES results. These results implied that the collision frequency between electrons and neutral particles increased with increase in Ar mixture ratio. In addition, the sheath expansion width in one RF cycle became small with increasing Ar mixture ratio, which led to a weakening of the effect of stochastic heating and a decrease of the electron temperature.

DOI： 10.1557/s43580-022-00306-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Recently, non-thermal plasma technology has been frequently used for wastewater treatment. Plasma technology uses the effect of high-energy electrons, reactive species, ultraviolet light, free radicals, and pyrolysis to treat wastewater. Although in many cases, only the use of non-thermal plasma alone is not successful in degrading the complex organic wastes. This might be because of complexity in wastewater or not appropriate plasma device for wastewater treatment, or improper use of plasma-generated species that plays a critical role in organic waste degradation. To increase the degradation efficiency and reduce treatment time, the combination of non-thermal plasma and catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous) improves pollutant removal. This review includes the different non-thermal plasma systems and their action on decolorizing or degradation of dyes, degradation of phenolic pollutants, and degradation of pharmaceutical products, including antibiotics and other volatile organic solvents (VOC’s) with and without catalyst. Finally, probable mechanisms and suggestions to improve the wastewater treatment using non-thermal plasma were put forward. This review aims to help researchers understand the role of treatment time, feed gases, and catalysts on the degradation of organic wastes and looks forward to all possible developments in this field.

DOI： 10.1007/s41614-022-00077-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

Applicability of precise Raman spectral analysis of a-C:H films deposited using a plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method has been discussed based on the sensitivity to initial conditions in peak separation. The spectral analysis offers to deconvolute the spectra into five peaks, while the as-deposited films prepared by plasma CVD is difficult to the five-peak separation. We found the peak position and the peak height ratio of the D-band to the G(+)-band can be employed to discuss the structure of the as-deposited films. We examined the structural difference between the films deposited at the powered electrode and that at grounded electrode. We found graphene nanoribbon-like structures may be formed in the films deposited on the grounded substrate. This result suggests that the substrate position is an important factor to form the graphene nanoribbon-like structure.

DOI： 10.1557/s43580-022-00310-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Journal of Molecular Sciences  

Due to their potential benefits, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs), as biotechnological tools, have been used for various purposes, especially in medical and agricultural applications. The main effect of CAP is associated with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). In order to deliver these RONS to the target, direct or indirect treatment approaches have been employed. The indirect method is put into practice via plasma-activated water (PAW). Despite many studies being available in the field, the permeation mechanisms of RONS into water at the molecular level still remain elusive. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to study the permeation of RONS from vacuum into the water interface and bulk. The calculated free energy profiles unravel the most favourable accumulation positions of RONS. Our results, therefore, provide fundamental insights into PAW and RONS chemistry to increase the efficiency of PAW in biological applications.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms23116330

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)  

Heteroepitaxial growth of single-crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) films on a c-plane sapphire substrate is an important technology for electronics and optoelectronic devices. Recently, the inverted Stranski-Krastanov (SK) mode has been demonstrated, and it has realized the heteroepitaxial growth of ZnO films on a sapphire substrate by sputtering. In this mode, a 10 nm-thick buffer layer consisting of three-dimensional islands (3D buffer layers) initially forms and relaxes the strain, and then, a two-dimensional ZnO film (2D layer) grows involving small strain. To clarify the correlation between the structural properties of the 3D buffer layers and the 2D layer, we introduce a figure of merit (FOM) of ZnO films: the reciprocal of the product of the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the (002) and (101) planes of X-ray rocking curves (XRCs) and root-mean-square (RMS) roughness. We find that the FOM of the 2D layers correlates with the RMS roughness, the in-plane orientation, and the lateral correlation length ζ of the surfaces of the buffer layers. We observe a surprisingly high correlation coefficient of 0.97. Our results imply that on the buffer layers with larger ζ, adatoms more easily reach the thermodynamically favored lattice positions. Thus, high-quality single-crystalline ZnO films, where the (002) plane XRC-FWHM and the RMS roughness are 0.05° and 1.5 nm, respectively, are grown on the buffer layers with a large ζ of 13.7 nm. This finding provides a useful tool for understanding the mechanism of the inverted SK mode.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00145

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MRS Advances  

Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has low power output and efficiency. Even though the low-concentrated light can increase the POUT and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSC, the effect of increase in the cell temperature, particularly electrolyte evaporation, becomes a major concern. In this study, we compared and investigated the performance of acetonitrile (AN-50), propionitrile (PN-50), and 3-metoxy propionitrile (Z-100) as nitrile-based electrolyte under low-concentrated light. The results showed 4–8 times increase in JSC and POUT in all electrolytes. AN-50 demonstrated an improved performance under influence of 2 cm distance concave mirror concentrated light with the highest JSC = 74.21 mA/cm2, POUT = 24.53 mW/cm2, and η = 7.99%. However, the performance of cell with AN-50 and PN-50 started to degrade within 3 h of measurement. In contrast, Z-100 displayed performance stability during 4 days measurement even with the lowest JSC= 49.98 mA/cm2, POUT = 19.50 mW/cm2, and η = 6.35%. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1557/s43580-022-00270-x

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DOI： 10.4028/p-6l16rl

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

We have succeeded in epitaxial growth of high-quality Zn1−xMgxO films of x = 0.04–0.33 on 18%-lattice mismatched sapphire substrates using magnetron sputtering. The films have grown in inverted Stranski-Krastanov (inverted SK) mode, where a buffer layer consisting of three-dimensional islands initially forms and a relaxed two-dimensional layer subsequently grows on the buffer layer. The resultant films have flat surfaces with root-mean-square roughness of 0.43–0.75 nm and are of high-crystal qualities even for large Mg contents; the full widths at half maximum of (0002) x-ray rocking curves are 0.05° (x = 0.33) and 0.07° (x = 0.14). Furthermore, we observed that the optical absorption edge shifts continuously toward the shorter wavelength with increasing x, and the band gap has been tuned from 3.5 to 4.3 eV. These results show that the inverted SK mode is useful for fabricating high-quality Zn1−xMgxO films with wide-range tunability of band gaps. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1557/s43580-022-00234-1

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Abstract

We fabricated nanostructured Ge and GeSn films using He radio-frequency magnetron plasma sputtering deposition. Monodisperse amorphous Ge and GeSn nanoparticles of 30–40 nm size were arranged without aggregation by off-axis sputtering deposition in the high He-gas-pressure range of 0.1 Torr. The Ge film porosity was over 30%. We tested the charge/discharge cycle performance of Li-ion batteries with nanostructured Ge and GeSn anodes. The Ge anode with a dispersed arrangement of nanoparticles showed a Li-storage capacity of 565 mAh/g after the 60th cycle. The capacity retention was markedly improved by the addition of 3 at% Sn in Ge anode. The GeSn anode (3 at% Sn) achieved a higher capacity of 1128 mAh/g after 60 cycles with 92% capacity retention. Precise control of the nano-morphology and electrical characteristics by a single step procedure using low temperature plasma is effective for stable cycling of high-capacity Ge anodes.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-05579-z

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Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05579-z

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Agronomy  

To meet the needs of the hungry population, it is critical to boost agricultural product production while minimizing contaminated waste. The use of two nonthermal technologies, pulsed electric field (PEF) and nonthermal plasma (NTP), is increasing every day. As both PEF and NTP are relatively newer areas, there is limited knowledge about these two technologies and their modes of action. Studies showed that PEF treatment on the plant seeds helps germination and seedling growth. The positive impact of PEF intensity is highly dependent on the seed coat type and plant species. Another nonthermal technology, NTP, affects seed germination, seedling growth, yield, and resilience to abiotic stress when generated at varying pressures with and without different feed gases. Early germination, germination rate, and germination percentage were all improved when the seedlings were treated with NTP. Similarly to the PEF treatment, NTP had a negative or no effect on germination. This review examined the effects of PEF and NTP on seed germination and ana-lyzed the situation and mechanism behind the positive or negative effect. Deactivation of proteins and enzymes to extend the shelf life of beverages is another prominent application of PEF and NTP. The interaction of PEF and NTP with proteins aids in understanding the microscopic mechanism of these technologies. Therefore, we covered in this review the potential structural and functional changes in proteins/enzymes as a result of PEF and NTP, as well as a comparison of the benefits and drawbacks of these two technologies.

DOI： 10.3390/agronomy12020482

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

CO2 methanation can be a key technology for realizing a sustainable society. CH4 is used as an energy carrier and raw material for chemical products, thereby contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Methanation with plasma catalysis lowers the process temperature, which can improve the throughput and stability. In this study, we investigated the effect of the gas flow rate and the discharge volume on CO2 methanation, using a low-pressure capacitively coupled plasma reactor. Higher gas flow rates can increase the rate of CO2 throughput, but the CH4 selectivity decreases owing to the reduced transportation rate of the reactants to the catalyst surface. Increasing the discharge volume is effective in improving the transportation rate. This study suggested that the structure of the reactor significantly affects the CH4 generation rate.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ac4822

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Optical Materials  

Upconversion materials (UC) can convert low-energy photons into visible light and, therefore, can be incorporated in solar cells to increase the absorption of visible light. This study synthesized UC nanophosphors Yb3+, Er3+: Y2O3 and Yb3+, Er3+, Zn2+: Y2O3 by a simple co-precipitation method for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The impact of the enhancement in the concentration of Zn2+ on the photoluminescence (PL) and color point of the synthesized nanophosphors was also investigated. The synthesized nanophosphors emitted intense red and weaker green emissions upon excitation at 980 nm. The incorporation of Zn2+ to the Yb3+, Er3+: Y2O3 nanophosphors leads to color tunability in the red and yellow regions. Furthermore, the synthesized nanophosphors were incorporated into the DSSC photoanode to form a TiO2-UC-based DSSC for converting near-infrared (NIR) into visible light. We observed that the TiO2-UC-based DSSC showed an enhancement ratio in current density and power conversion efficiency of 17.4% and 16.6%, respectively, compared to the bare TiO2-based DSSC. These results reveal that UC-based Yb3+, Er3+, Zn2+: Y2O3 nanophosphors are useful in improving the efficiency of DSSCs and in color tunability applications.

DOI： 10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111928

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DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1168.35

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

We present a study on morphological control of nanostructured Ge films by the Ar gas pressure in plasma sputtering deposition. In the low Ar-gas-pressure range, aggregated islands of amorphous grains are formed on the film surface, while in the high-pressure range of 500 mTorr monodisperse nano-grains of about 30 nm in size are orderly arranged without aggregation. The film porosity shows a high value of over 10%. We tested the charge/discharge cycle performance of Li-ion batteries with nanostructured Ge films as anodes. The battery cell with an ordered arrangement structure maintained a high capacity of 434 mAh g-1 after 40 charge/discharge cycles, while that with an aggregated structure exhibited a rapid degradation of capacity to 5.08-183 mAh g-1. An ordered arrangement of Ge nano-grains with a high porosity, which is realized in a simple one-step procedure using high Ar-gas-pressure plasma sputtering, is effective for the stable cycling of high-capacity metal anodes.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ac2b7b

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1615/PlasmaMed.2020036353

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DOI： 10.1021/acsaem.1c02774

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138986

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DOI： 10.1039/D1NJ03643B

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110127

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110127

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DOI： 10.3390/ijms22179585

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DOI： 10.1039/D1RA04441A

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138701

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.146

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DOI： 10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420921

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138369

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DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/abe47d

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DOI： 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129479

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プラズマ照射を用いることによって、悪影響が及んでいる高温障害イネの発芽を促進するメカニズムの解明に成功した。

DOI： 10.1021/acsagscitech.0c00070

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DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1016.863

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DOI： 10.35848/1882-0786/abd717

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DOI： 10.3390/pr9010002

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.120

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DOI： 10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108050

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DOI： 10.3389/fpls.2020.568924

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DOI： 10.1039/d0nr01762k

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.179

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DOI： 10.1038/s41598-020-61596-w

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DOI： 10.1021/acsanm.9b02571

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cap.2019.11.001

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cap.2019.11.001

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DOI： 10.1585/pfr.14.4406141

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2019.06.028

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DOI： 10.1585/pfr.14.4406120

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DOI： 10.1585/pfr.14.4406115

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DOI： 10.1585/pfr.14.4406144

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DOI： 10.1063/1.5091740

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2019.17

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2019.28

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DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2099

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The rapid growth in world population brings with it the need for improvement in the current technology for water purification, in order to provide adequate potable water to everyone. Although an advanced oxidation process has been used to purify wastewater, its action mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, in the present study we treat dye-polluted water with gamma rays and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. We study the wastewater treatment efficiency of gamma rays and DBD plasma at different absorbed doses, and at different time intervals, respectively. Methyl orange and methylene blue dyes are taken as model dyes. To understand the effects of environment and humidity on the decolorization of these dyes, we use various gas mixtures in the DBD plasma reactor. In the plasma reactor, we use the ambient air and ambient air + other gas (oxygen, nitrogen, and argon) mixtures, respectively, for the treatment of dyes. Additionally, we study the humidity effect on the decolorization of dyes with air plasma. Moreover, we also perform plasma simulation in different environment conditions, to understand which major radicals are generated during the plasma treatments, and determine their probable densities.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-21001-z

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DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2104

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DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2093

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DOI： 10.1116/1.5037539

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2018.02.035

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DOI： 10.1585/pfr.13.1406082

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DOI： 10.1166/sam.2018.3141

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DOI： 10.1002/ppap.201877002

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DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.57.01AG01

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.02.067

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DOI： 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.034

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DOI： 10.1039/c7cp04083k

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DOI： 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.029

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DOI： 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.030

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DOI： 10.1038/s41598-017-08643-1

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DOI： 10.1149/07703.0017ecst

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.02.005

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DOI： 10.1109/TPS.2016.2632124

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2017.178

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DOI： 10.1615/PlasmaMed.2017019137

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.067

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2016.617

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2016.625

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DOI： 10.1063/1.4968568

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DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.879.1772

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DOI： 10.1038/srep35883

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DOI： 10.1166/jnn.2016.13233

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DOI： 10.1038/srep34419

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.024

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DOI： 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.020

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DOI： 10.1007/s13391-016-4018-8

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DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.07LE03

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DOI： 10.1039/c6cp01856d

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DOI： 10.1039/C6DT00283H

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DOI： 10.1063/1.4948430

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DOI： 10.1166/jnn.2016.12210

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DOI： 10.1039/C5NJ02947C

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DOI： 10.1166/jnn.2016.12294

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DOI： 10.1166/sam.2016.2520

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.112

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2015.59

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2016.37

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DOI： 10.1557/adv.2016.41

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DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.01AA11

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DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.01AA19

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DOI： 10.7567/APEX.9.016201

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DOI： 10.1109/TPS.2015.2488619

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DOI： 10.1038/srep17781

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DOI： 10.1166/jnn.2015.11427

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