Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Liana species have a variety of habitat preferences. Although morphological traits connected to resource acquisition may vary by habitat preference, few studies have investigated such associations in lianas. In previous work on temperate lianas, we observed (1) free standing leafy shoots and (2) climbing shoots that clung to host plants; we examined relationships between habitat preference and shoot production patterns in five liana species. Among the five species, two were more frequent at the forest edges (forest-edge species), and two were more common within the forests (forest-interior species). The proportion of climbing shoots in current-year shoot mass of young plants (3-8 m in height) was greater in the forest-edge species (45-60%) than in the forest-interior species (6-30%). In consequence, there was a greater leaf mass ratio in the total current-year shoots of forest-interior species. This, combined with a greater specific leaf area, endows forest-interior species with a leaf area per unit shoot mass double that of forest-edge species. Forest-edge species had longer individual climbing shoots whose length per unit stem mass was smaller than in forest-interior lianas. Extension efficiency, measured as the sum of the climbing stem length per unit current-year shoot mass, was thus similar between forest-edge and interior species. In conclusion, liana shoot production patterns were related to species habitat preferences. A trade-off between current potential productivity (leaves) and the ability to search for hosts and/or well-lit environments (climbing stems) may underpin these relationships.

DOI： 10.1007/s11258-010-9783-0

Publisher：Journal of Forest Research  

Canopy tree seedlings rarely grow in regions with overabundant deer in Japan, whereas Pieris japonica, a shrub species that is unpalatable to deer, has been expanding its habitat and occasionally forms dense pure stands in disturbed locations. Although this species could be the key to understanding vegetation structure and function under intense deer pressure, little information is available regarding the structural and functional aspects of P. japonica stands. Here, we examined aboveground mass (MA) and several structural parameters for 13 P. japonica stands of various developmental stages (3–64 years old as estimated from the number of growth rings of component plants); the stand MA and leaf area were estimated by developing relevant allometric equations for individual plants. The MA of P. japonica stands (≤50 Mg ha−1) were less than a fifth of that recorded for neighboring forests consisting of deciduous broad-leaved trees and conifers. Leaf area index (≤4.9 m2 m−2) and basal stem area (≤62 m2 ha−1, determined at 5 cm from the ground) of the stands reached the level comparable to tree forests, whereas canopy height (≤4.4 m) was much shorter and plant density (≥7,300 stems ha−1) was fairly high compared with those of average tree forests in neighboring regions. The stand structure lacked thick and long boles, resulting in low biomass accumulation in P. japonica stands. Thus, one possible consequence of the long-lasting deer pressure is the reduction of the carbon sequestration capacity to a fraction of that of the present forests.

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2024.2370065

Web of Science

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Kyushu University Forests  

Kyushu is the western and southern limits of beech (Fagus crenata) distribution in Japan, where Pacific-type beech forests are found in the mountains. Recently, overgrazing by deer has caused a decline in the forest understory, particularly the dwarf bamboo (Sasa spp.), causing concerns about forest degradation of the environment and ecosystems in Kyushu. However, few vegetation surveys of beech forests in Kyushu have been conducted since the early 2000s, when deer grazing became a prominent issue. This study aims to understand the present condition of beech forests in Kyushu by conducting vegetation surveys at 7 sites, and visually recording vegetation at 5 sites. We established five plots, each with a radius of 5 meters and centered around a selected beech tree, on each site, and measured basal area, the proportion of beech in basal area, tree density, sasa height, and sasa stem density within each plot. We found that sasa has disappeared from understory vegetation in some sites (Mt. Furusobo-san, Mt. Mukouzaka-yama, and Mt. Sanpou-dake) and that there is a large variation in sasa stem density in sites where sasa remained, indicating that the impact of deer grazing in beech forests was highly site-specific. Vegetation surveys including forest understory are important for monitoring the rapid changes occurring in forest environments in recent years.

DOI： 10.15017/7172220

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

DOI： org/10.15017/7172220

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Kyushu University Forests  

The number of Sika deer was recorded in Ashoro Research Forest, Kasuya Research Forest and Shiiba Research Forest in the Kyushu University Forests. Ashoro Research Forest has a cool temperate deciduous forest, Kasuya Research Forest has a warm temperate evergreen forest and Shiiba Research Forest has a warm temperate deciduous forest. The spotlight census was conducted for five years from 2017 to 2022 at three locations in the Kyushu University Forests. In the three forests of the Kyushu University Forests, the census courses of the 4 km and the 3.5 km were used in Ashoro Research Forest, 1.7 km and 0.5 km in Kasuya Research Forest, and 6.1 km and 2.8 km in Shiiba Research Forest.

DOI： 10.15017/6786325

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Kyushu University Forests  

We investigated the first year damage caused by Japanese oak wilt which is a vector-borne disease transmitted by Platypus quercivorus in the Shiiba Research Forest, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. We found that 18 % of the Fagaceous trees in the study sites, excluding those of the genus Fagus, were damaged by Platypus quercivorus. The proportion of damaged trees per species was the highest for Lithocarpus edulis, but the mortality rate of damaged trees was the highest for Quercus crispula, raising concerns about significant changes in the forest ecosystem in the future. Differences in damage rates of individual tree species and tree DBH classes suggested that Platypus quercivorus may be selecting tree species and tree sizes. There is a possibility that Platypus quercivorus are migrating northward from the south side of the forest. It is necessary to observe the progress of the forest on the north side, which has not been damaged yet, and to study damage control methods and to restore vegetation after the damage has been controlled.

DOI： 10.15017/4776865

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Kyushu University Forests  

To compare the performance of synthetic fiber nets and electric fences as wildlife prevention fences, we planted seedlings of Pieris japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Quercus crispula in the 5 cm mesh net, 10 cm mesh net, electric fences, and control plots. Seedlings height and survival rate were recorded from 2015 to 2020. We also recorded the flora of these experimental plots in 2016 and 2021 to compare the changes of forest floor vegetation in the plots. Pieris japonica grew well in the control plot and most of the individuals survived. Tree height of Chamaecyparis obtusa was highest in the electric fence, and the survival rate was over 90 % in the 5 cm mesh net. The average height of Quercus crispula was only 87 cm and the survival rate were only 33 % due to shade by herbaceous plants. A total of 52 herbaceous species and tree seedlings in the forest floor were observed in 2016, and this number increased to 81 in 2021. In addition, seedlings of Pinus densiflora, Quercus crispula, Hydrangea paniculata and other pioneer species became established, suggesting that enclosing the floor of forest gap with fences may lead to the regional compensatory vegetation.

DOI： 10.15017/4776864

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

DOI： doi.org/10.15017/4776864

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although stemflow (SF) had been regarded as a small portion of the gross rainfall (GR), recent studies have revealed that, depending on the forest stand structure, the SF/GR ratio should not be neglected. This study derived SF/GR estimation models using common forest inventory data. A set of SF/GR ratio and forest inventory data (stand density (SD), total basal area (BA), mean diameter at breast height (DBH¯), mean tree height (H¯), canopy cover (CC), and leaf area index (LAI)) was collected from previous studies of Japanese cedar and cypress plantations. To further investigate the relation between SF/GR ratio and forest stand structures, we examined additional stand-structure variables (mean basal area (BA¯), mean stem surface area (SA¯), and total stem surface area (SA)) derived from the inventory data, and the stand-scale funneling ratio (FR_stand) evaluating the efficiency of funneling rainwater. Among all the stand-structure variables, SD exclusively determined the SF/GR ratio, providing the best-fitting positive single linear regression equation as a density-based SF/GR model with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.4%. Although this model is useful for practical forest water management because it requires only SD which is the most basic forest inventory data, it has a weak point in meticulous forest water management because it cannot reflect the effect of tree growth on SF/GR ratio. Thus, we developed a size-based SF/GR model (RMSE = 2.0%) based on the strong relationship between the FR_stand and DBH¯. This model is applicable to meticulous forest water management because it reflects the effects of not only SD but also tree growth by DBH on SF/GR ratio. These models derived from the common forest inventory data are potentially applicable to the evaluation and control of SF in forest water management.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107997

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Limited knowledge about vertical variation in wood CO2 efflux (Rwood) is still a cause of uncertainty in Rwood estimates at individual and ecosystem scales. Although previous studies found higher Rwood in the canopy, they examined several tree species of similar size. In contrast, in the present study, we measured vertical variation in Rwood for 18 trees including 13 species, using a canopy crane for a more precise determination of the vertical variation in Rwood, for various species and sizes of trees in order to examine the factors affecting vertical variation in Rwood and thus, to better understand the effect of taking into account the vertical and inter-individual variation on estimates of Rwood at the individual scale. We did not find any clear pattern of vertical variation; Rwood increased significantly with measurement height for only one tree, while it decreased for two more trees, and was not significantly related with measurement height in 15 other trees. Canopy to breast height Rwood ratio was not related to diameter at breast height or crown ratio, which supposedly are factors affecting vertical variation in Rwood. On average, Rwood estimates at individual scale, considering inter-individual variation but ignoring vertical variation, were only 6% higher than estimates considering both forms of variation. However, estimates considering vertical variation, while ignoring inter-individual variation, were 13% higher than estimates considering both forms of variation. These results suggest that individual measurements at breast height are more important for estimating Rwood at the individual scale, and that any error in Rwood estimation at this scale, due to the absence of any more measurements along tree height, is really quite negligible. This study measured various species and sizes of trees, which may be attributed to no clear vertical variation because factors causing vertical variation can differ among species and sizes.

DOI： 10.1093/treephys/tpz022

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Although lianas (woody climbers) are a phylogenetically and functionally important group of land plants, there is very little information on individual-scale liana growth in the field. Based on previous studies of temperate liana species, this study investigated how liana plants grow to the forest canopy. The paper discusses the potential benefits and costs associated with the hostdependent support strategy. The host-dependent support habit enables plants to reduce resource investments in mechanical tissues, thereby attaining greater stem extension every year, while maintaining a large leaf-to-stem mass ratio. These features could be a great advantage in competition for light or growth in shady environments. However, this habit requires a continuous search for host structures, and plants can be damaged and even fall to the ground when the hosts collapse. These factors, representing the costs and risks associated with host-dependent growth, may limit plant growth over protracted periods.

DOI： 10.18960/seitai.69.2_71

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

This paper describes a highly pure phloem-sap-extraction sensor device that mounts a phloem position-identification sensor. Convenient methods of artificially extracting highly pure phloem sap for quantitative analysis of plant nutrition have yet to be established. To realize direct analysis of nutrition as well as long-term monitoring of its component fluctuation, we propose a novel sensor device that can distinguish phloem and xylem positions stably for a long time and extract only pure phloem sap.

DOI： 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7994369

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2017.1350393

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

In this study, a microscale phloem sap extraction sensor device based on MEMS technology is proposed to artificially extract phloem sap and monitor biological information in plant branches. The device consists of electrical resistance sensors to distinguish the positions of vascular bundles (xylem/phloem) and hollow-structured cantilevers with reservoirs for fluid extraction. A prototype of the proposed sensor device was fabricated. Furthermore, the performance of the position-distinction sensor was evaluated, and the feasibility of the fluid-extraction structure was validated.

DOI： 10.1109/ICSENS.2016.7808532

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The expansion of Moso bamboo forests in Japan might change transpiration and therefore reduce the availability of water resources. Moso bamboo stands are often composed of culms with various ages and older culms may have lower sap flux density (F_d), which may in turn affect individual culm transpiration (Q_t), probably because vascular bundles do not regenerate after sprouting. Information related to the differences of F_d and Q_t between younger and older culms would be important for (i) understanding the effects of culm age structure changes on stand-scale transpiration (E_C), and (ii) developing sampling strategies for E_C estimates in Moso bamboo forests. We conducted sap flux measurements for 15 individuals from four culm age classes in a managed Moso bamboo forest in Kameoka, Kyoto, Japan. Differences in Fd were not significant among the four culm age classes with almost the same stem diameter at breast height (DBH). Q_t was related to DBH across four age classes, indicating that culm age had no apparent effect on Q_t in the forest. Our results suggest the effects of culm age structure changes on E_C are small, and contribute to development of sampling strategy without considering culm age structure for E_C estimates at this site.

DOI： 10.3178/hrl.10.1

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Ecological communities including tropical rainforest are rapidly changing under various disturbances caused by increasing human activities. Recently in Cambodia, illegal logging and clear-felling for agriculture have been increasing. Here, we study the effects of logging, mortality and recruitment of plot trees on phylogenetic community structure in 32 plots in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. Each plot was 0.25 ha; 28 plots were established in primary evergreen forests and four were established in secondary dry deciduous forests. Measurements were made in 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2010, and logging, recruitment and mortality of each tree were recorded. We estimated phylogeny using rbcL and matK gene sequences and quantified phylogenetic a and b diversity. Within communities, logging decreased phylogenetic diversity, and increased overall phylogenetic clustering and terminal phylogenetic evenness. Between communities, logging increased phylogenetic similarity between evergreen and deciduous plots. On the other hand, recruitment had opposite effects both within and between communities. The observed patterns can be explained by environmental homogenization under logging. Logging is biased to particular species and larger diameter at breast height, and forest patrol has been effective in decreasing logging.

DOI： 10.1098/rstb.2014.0008

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Previous studies have revealed that changes in forest structure due to management (e.g., thinning, aging, and clearcutting) could affect the forest water balance. However, there are unexplained variability in changes in the annual water balance with changing structure among different sites. This is the case even when analyzing data for specific species/regions. For a more advanced and process-based understanding of changes in the water balance with changing forest structure, we examined transpiration (E) observed using the sap-flux method for 14 Japanese cedar and cypress plantations with various structure (e.g., stem density and diameter) in Japan and surrounding areas and developed a model relating E with structural parameters. We expressed E using the simplified Penman-Monteith equation and modeled canopy conductance (G_c) as a product of reference G_c (G_cref) when vapor pressure deficit is 1.0. kPa and functions expressing the responses of G_c to meteorological factors. We determined G_cref and parameters of the functions for the sites separately. E observed for the 14 sites was not reproduced well by the model when using mean values of G_cref and the parameters among the sites. However, E observed for the sites was reproduced well when using G_cref determined for each site and mean values of the parameters of the functions among the sites, similar to the case when using G_cref and the parameters of the functions determined for each site. These results suggest that considering variations in G_cref among the sites was important to reproduce variations in E, but considering variations in the parameters of the functions was not. Our analysis revealed that G_cref linearly related with the sapwood area on a stand scale (A) and that A linearly related with stem density (N) and powers of the mean stem diameter (d_m). Thus, we proposed a model relating E with A (or N and d_m), where G_cref was calculated from A (or N and d_m) and the parameters of the functions were assumed to be the mean values among the sites. This model estimates changes in E with changing structure from commonly available data (N and d_m), and therefore helps improve our understanding of the underlying processes of the changes in the water balance for Japanese cedar and cypress plantations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.041

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Difficult access to 40-m-tall emergent trees in tropical rainforests has resulted in a lack of data related to vertical variations in wood CO₂ efflux, even though significant variations in wood CO₂ efflux are an important source of errors when estimating whole-tree total wood CO₂ efflux. This study aimed to clarify vertical variations in wood CO₂ efflux for emergent trees and to document the impact of the variations on the whole-tree estimates of stem and branch CO₂ efflux. First, we measured wood CO₂ efflux and factors related to tree morphology and environment for seven live emergent trees of two dipterocarp species at four to seven heights of up to ~40 m for each tree using ladders and a crane. No systematic tendencies in vertical variations were observed for all the trees. Wood CO₂ efflux was not affected by stem and air temperature, stem diameter, stem height or stem growth. The ratios of wood CO₂ efflux at the treetop to that at breast height were larger in emergent trees with relatively smaller diameters at breast height. Second, we compared whole-tree stem CO₂ efflux estimates using vertical measurements with those based on solely breast height measurements. We found similar whole-tree stem CO₂ efflux estimates regardless of the patterns of vertical variations in CO₂ efflux because the surface area in the canopy, where wood CO₂ efflux often differed from that at breast height, was very small compared with that at low stem heights, resulting in little effect of the vertical variations on the estimate. Additionally, whole-tree branch CO₂ efflux estimates using measured wood CO₂ efflux in the canopy were considerably different from those measured using only breast height measurements. Uncertainties in wood CO₂ efflux in the canopy did not cause any bias in stem CO₂ efflux scaling, but affected branch CO₂ efflux.

DOI： 10.1093/treephys/tpu041

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Recently, mosobamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests have been expanding in Japan. Some studies have pointed out their expansion could decrease ecosystem services. This paper summarized expansion rates in areas in the last ca. 70 years and biomass of moso-bamboo forests. We verified whether the expansions could increase risks in flood, water shortage, shallow landslide, and soil erosion. Many papers have reported increases in areas of moso-bamboo forests, and the average expansion rate was 1.03 ha/ha year. The rate in the surrounding open spaces tends to be larger than that in the surrounding closed spaces. Aboveground biomass in moso-bamboo forests was between 62.6 and 224.3 t/ha. The maximum aboveground biomass in moso-bamboo forests would be smaller than those in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) forests. However, only a few studies examined belowground biomass in moso-bamboo forests. As well, based on results in previous studies, we concluded that risks in flood, water shortage, shallow landslide, and soil erosion in moso-bamboo forests would not be higher than those in other types of forests. This conclusion is different from the speculation. On the other hand, this conclusion was based on only a few studies. Therefore, further studies are required to clarify various processes related to flood, water shortage, shallow landslide, and soil erosion in moso-bamboo forests with various canopy structures under various meteorological conditions.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To improve our knowledge of the woody flora of Cambodia, we collected specimens of trees, shrubs and woody vines within and near permanent plots of evergreen and deciduous tropical forests in lowland Cambodia. We sequenced rbcL and matK for most specimens, searched for species having high homologies with those sequences and then identified the collections using taxonomic literature and herbarium specimens. As a result, we identified 325 species in 69 families, including 163 trees, 90 shrubs, 67 vines, four palms and an epiphytic parasite. The frequencies of correct identification of BLAST searched sequences were low at the species level (about 15%), but high at the family and generic levels (about 100% and 75%, respectively). Twenty-one species were new to Cambodia. We corrected many previous misidentifications in the plot records.

DOI： 10.18942/apg.KJ00008877422

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Long-term, short-interval measurements of incident photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD; μmolm^-2s^-1) on the forest floor are essential for estimating the leaf carbon gain of understory plants. Such PPFD data, however, are scarce. We measured PPFD at 1-min intervals for more than 12months in cool-temperate forest sites and reported the data as a PPFD frequency distribution. We chose five sites: an open site (OPN), the understory of a deciduous broad-leaved tree stand with no visible gaps (DCD), that of an evergreen conifer stand (EVG), that of a deciduous broad-leaved tree stand with a gap of approximately 80m² (GAPDCD), and that of an evergreen conifer stand with a gap of approximately 100m² (GAPEVG). DCD were divided into three sub sites (DCD1-3) to investigate variation within a small area. GAP-sites were consisted of two sub sites (GAPDCD1-2 and GAPEVG1-2) differing in the distance from the gap center. Using the PPFD data, we estimated the summer seasonal (May-October) net assimilation rate of leaves (NAR_L) at each site for various photosynthetic capacities (A_max: μmolm^-2s^-1) and other parameters of a light response curve of CO₂ assimilation rates. At OPN, the average daily accumulated PPFD (molm^-2day^-1) was highest in May (28.2) and lowest in December (8.2). Even at OPN, the class of instantaneous PPFD that contributed most to NAR_L was 250-300μmolm^-2s^-1. Such a large contribution of lower PPFD is suggested to be an important feature of a field light-availability. At DCD, the relative PPFD (RPPFD, %) to OPN was 7.2 during canopy closure and 49.4 after leaf shedding (averaged for 3 sites). EVG had the lowest light environment throughout the year. Its average RPPFD was 3%. For GAP sites, summer seasonal RPPFD (%) was 15.6, 18.8, 6.4 and 15.6 for GAPDCD1, GAPDCD2, GAPEVG1 and GAPEVG2, respectively. At OPN, the NAR_L increased with A_max (which ranged from 1 to 40), suggesting that plants at OPN do not maximize NAR_L. In contrast, at DCD and EVG, A_max values were attained that did maximize NAR_L, suggesting that plants at these sites could maximize the NAR_L. A_max-NAR_L relationships for GAPDCD and GAPEVG showed similar trend to closed canopy sites, DCD and EVG, while NAR_L x of GAP sites were larger than at these sites. Among DCD1-3, the daily accumulated PPFD (molm^-2 day^-1) averaged in summer ranged 1.3-1.8 and the maximum NAR_L value differed up to 1.5 times. It indicates that A_max and NAR_L can be various among plants under a similar canopy conditions.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.08.001

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Morphological variation in current-year shoots within plants was examined in five deciduous and four evergreen liana species from temperate forests in Japan to elucidate the role differentiation in shoots. All lianas had both shoots that twined or developed adventitious roots to gain support on host materials (searcher shoots) and self-supporting shoots with no climbing structures (ordinary shoots). Searcher shoots were 20-295 times longer than ordinary shoots. The allometric relationships between stem length and leaf area differed between searcher and ordinary shoots, and the stem length for a given leaf area was greater in searcher shoots. Leaf area per shoot mass was 1.4-4.3 times higher in ordinary shoots because of the greater allocation to leaf biomass. Searcher shoots comprised only 1-6% of total shoots but 30-85% of total shoot length in deciduous lianas. Ordinary shoots accounted for 70-95% of the total leaf area in these liana species. These results suggest that the exploration of new space was primarily achieved by searcher shoots, whereas a large proportion of current photosynthetic production was achieved by ordinary shoots. The range of stem length and leaf mass ratio of ordinary shoots was similar to that in shoots of tree species. Specialization of shoots in lianas is discussed.

DOI： 10.1007/s11284-008-0512-2

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

ACdc25 family protein Lte1 (low temperature essential) is essential for mitotic exit at a lowered temperature and has been presumed to be a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for a small GTPase Tem1, which is a key regulator of mitotic exit. We found that Lte1 physically associates with Ras2-GTP both in vivo and in vitro and that the Cdc25 homology domain (CHD) of Lte1 is essential for the interaction with Ras2. Furthermore, we found that the proper localization of Lte1 to the bud cortex is dependent on active Ras and that the overexpression of a derivative of Lte1 without the CHD suppresses defects in mitotic exit of a Δlte1 mutant and a Δras1 Δras2 mutant. These results suggest that Lte1 is a downstream effector protein of Ras in mitotic exit and that the Ras GEF domain of Lte1 is not essential for mitotic exit but required for its localization.

DOI： 10.1083/jcb.200301128

Event date： 2018.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：九州大学農学部附属演習林（福岡県篠栗町）   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：九州大学農学部附属演習林（福岡県篠栗町）   Country：Japan  

Type：Peer review 

Number of peer-reviewed articles in foreign language journals：4

Type：Peer review 

Number of peer-reviewed articles in foreign language journals：4

Audience：Infants,　Schoolchildren,　Junior students,　High school students

Type：Seminar, workshop

Audience：General,　Scientific,　Company,　Civic organization,　Governmental agency

Type：Lecture

Audience：General,　Scientific,　Company,　Civic organization,　Governmental agency

Type：Lecture

Audience：Infants,　Schoolchildren,　Junior students,　High school students

Type：Seminar, workshop

Audience：Infants,　Schoolchildren,　Junior students,　High school students

Type：Seminar, workshop

Audience：General,　Scientific,　Company,　Civic organization,　Governmental agency

Type：Lecture

Audience：General,　Scientific,　Company,　Civic organization,　Governmental agency

Type：Lecture

Audience：Infants,　Schoolchildren,　Junior students,　High school students

Type：Seminar, workshop

Audience：Infants,　Schoolchildren,　Junior students,　High school students

Type：Seminar, workshop

Audience：General,　Scientific,　Company,　Civic organization,　Governmental agency

Type：Lecture