Language：English   Publisher：Molecules  

To investigate the bioactivities of fresh garlic and its processed product, black garlic, we conducted comparative analyses of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, innate immune activation, and anti-cancer activities in addition to the chemical composition (sugar, amino acid, and polyphenol contents) of these materials. Simultaneous assay using neutrophil-like cells showed that fresh garlic exhibited antioxidant and innate immunostimulatory activities, whereas black garlic displayed a potent anti-inflammatory effect. The antioxidant activity index was correlated with phenol and flavonoid contents, while the innate immunostimulatory activity was correlated with fructan content. Furthermore, some black garlics with low fructose content were found to inhibit the proliferation of UM-UC-3 cancer cells, while other black garlics rich in fructose increased UM-UC-3 cell proliferation. It was shown that the processing of fresh garlic could change the composition of sugars, antioxidants, and amino acids, which have different effects on neutrophil-like cells and UM-UC-3 cells, as well as on bioactivities.

DOI： 10.3390/molecules29102258

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publisher：MDPI  

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

In this study, targeted metabolome analysis was applied to identify the discriminative metabolites between Indonesian shallot landraces, Japanese long-day onion (LDO) varieties, and Japanese short-day onion (SDO) varieties. In total, 172 metabolite signal intensities were subjected to multivariate PLS-DA, VIP, and random forest modeling to gain further insight into genotype-specific metabolites. PLS-DA divides the examined genotypes into three different clusters, implying that shallot landraces exhibited a distinct metabolite profile compared with Japanese LDO and SDO varieties. The PLS-DA, VIP, and random forest results indicated that the shallot and LDO are richer in metabolite constituents in comparison with the SDO. Specifically, amino acids and organosulfur compounds were the key characteristic metabolites in shallot and LDO genotypes. The analysis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO) compounds showed higher accumulation in the shallot landraces relative to LDO and SDO varieties, which explains the stronger pungency and odor in shallots. In addition, the LDO showed higher ACSO content compared with the SDO, implying that long-day cultivation might enhance sulfur assimilation in the Japanese onion. The LDO ‘Super Kitamomiji’ and the shallots ‘Probolinggo’ and ‘Thailand’ showed higher ACSO content than other varieties, making it useful for Allium breeding to improve the flavor and stress tolerance of onions.

DOI： 10.3390/metabo12121260

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.UTD-350

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

<p>Characteristics and inheritance of rhizome coloration in the red rhizome lotus (<i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>) ‘Tomohiro’ were investigated to achieve stable production and breeding of red rhizome cultivars. Rhizome coloration proceeded from the basal internodes to distal ones during the growing stage, and coloration of enlarged distal rhizomes was completed in October. No individuals with both red and white rhizomes in one plant were found, and there were no rhizomes with a mottled pattern or an intermediate color between red and white. The coloration of the skin and flesh was synchronized in red rhizome plants. It was therefore estimated that the skin and flesh coloration of rhizomes was controlled by the same gene. Rhizomes of all selfed plants of ‘Tomohiro’ and white rhizome cultivars were red and white, respectively, and all F₁ plants generated by crossing ‘Tomohiro’ and white rhizome cultivars were white. Rhizome color in F₂ plants generated by self-pollination of F₁ plants divided into white and red individuals with a 3:1 ratio. These results suggested that red rhizome coloration is governed by a single locus, designated <i>RHIZOME COLOR</i> (<i>RHC</i>), with dominant white (<i>Rhc</i>) and recessive red (<i>rhc</i>) coloration alleles.</p>

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.utd-350

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CiNii Research

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Garlic (Allium sativum) is the second most important Allium crop that has been used as a vegetable and condiment from ancient times due to its characteristic flavor and taste. Although garlic is a sterile plant that reproduces vegetatively through cloves, garlic shows high biodiversity, as well as phenotypic plasticity and environmental adaptation capacity. To determine the possible mechanism underlying this phenomenon and to provide new genetic materials for the development of a novel garlic cultivar with useful agronomic traits, the metabolic profiles in the leaf tissue of 30 garlic accessions collected from different geographical regions, with a special focus on the Asian region, were investigated using LC/MS. In addition, the total saponin and fructan contents in the roots and cloves of the investigated garlic accessions were also evaluated. Total saponin and fructan contents did not separate the garlic accessions based on their geographical origin, implying that saponin and fructan contents were clone-specific and agroclimatic changes have affected the quantitative and qualitative levels of saponins in garlic over a long history of cultivation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and dendrogram clustering of the LC/MS-based metabolite profiling showed two major clusters. Specifically, many Japanese and Central Asia accessions were grouped in cluster I and showed high accumulations of flavonol glucosides, alliin, and methiin. On the other hand, garlic accessions grouped in cluster II exhibited a high accumulation of anthocyanin glucosides and amino acids. Although most of the accessions were not separated based on country of origin, the Central Asia accessions were clustered in one group, implying that these accessions exhibited distinct metabolic profiles. The present study provides useful information that can be used for germplasm selection and the development of new garlic varieties with beneficial biotic and abiotic stress-adaptive traits.

DOI： 10.3390/molecules26051415

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/molecules25225300

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39856-1

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Wide-ranging varieties and/or strains of bulb onions (Allium cepa Common onion group) and shallots (A. cepa Aggregatum group) were utilized to understand the variation in chemical compounds responsible for their taste. The bulb samples of 10 F1 commercial onion varieties (seven short-day and three long-day varieties) from Japan and 12 shallot landraces from abroad (Vietnam: three landraces; Indonesia: nine landraces) were collected as plant materials once a year in 2014 and 2015. The contents of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides, total flavonoids, and soluble sugars—including fructose, glucose, sucrose, and fructans—were determined to find differences between bulb onions and shallots, as well as to detect variations among varieties and/or landraces. While a principal component analysis (PCA) based on the results from both 2014 and 2015 could clearly discriminate shallots from bulb onions from a phytochemical perspective, bulb onions mainly had higher monosaccharides than shallots. By contrast, shallots produced more disaccharides than bulb onions. In most cases, regression analyses using the numerical data of the chemical compounds found in bulb onions and shallots suggested year-year correlations between 2014 and 2015. The flavonoid and PeCSO (S-(1-propenyl)-L- cysteine sulfoxide: isoalliin) contents in shallots were higher than those detected in bulb onions, which indicated the stronger pungent and bitter taste could be attributable to excess amounts of these compounds in this tropical plant.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-066

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The aim of this work was to evaluate garlic diversity based on the production of chemical components in the bulbs and geographical distribution. A total of 103 garlic clones collected from worldwide sources were grown in Yamaguchi, Japan. The chemical contents–S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (AlCSO), and phenolic content—of garlic collections were determined by HPLC and Folin–Ciocalteu assay, respectively. Quantitative analysis of the chemical content showed wide variations between geographical collection sites. Morphological observation of inflorescence was performed, and clones were divided into four types according to their bolting traits: Type A—bolters, producing mainly florets; Type B—bolters, producing mainly bulbils; Type C—incomplete bolters; and Type D—non-bolters. The appearance frequencies of the bolting types varied depending on the latitude of the collection sites. A comparison of these four different types was carried out based on chemical composition data. Garlic clones that possessed florets showed a tendency for higher amount of AlCSO content than did Type B. Moreover, it was confirmed that as distance increased from high-latitude areas (Central Asia and The Northern Mediterranean), the garlic was more likely to produce bulbils in the inflorescence with lower AlCSO content and higher phenolic content. This research suggested that garlic’s transition of from sexual propagation to asexual (vegetative) propagation and changes in the chemical composition of the bulbs would have occurred in the process of expanding garlic cultivation. In conclusion, garlic seems to have obtained high environmental adaptability with these transitions and changes via artificial selection.

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0233-7

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1476-2

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Event date： 2022.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：山形大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：千葉大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：千葉大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：千葉大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：千葉大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2021.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：岐阜大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2021.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：岐阜大学・オンライン併用   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2021.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：オンライン開催   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2020.3 - 2021.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：東京農工大学小金井キャンパス（新型コロナウィルス感染拡大のため中止）   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2020.3

Language：Japanese  

Venue：東京農工大学小金井キャンパス（新型コロナウィルス感染拡大のため中止）   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.9

Language：Japanese  

Venue：島根大学松江キャンパス   Country：Japan  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

Type：Research consultation

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