Books

1.

Abdelrahman Zkria, Ali M Ali, Imtenan Mahmoud, Abdalla Abdelwahab, Waleed MA El Rouby, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Nanodiamond/Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications, 2022.03, Supercapacitors, known as electrochemical capacitors, are very attractive as energy storage devices due to their high-power density (up to 410 kW kg−1), their unique ability to undergo charge/discharge quickly and their long cycling life (that could reach 4105 cycles). Efforts have been dedicated to develop various carbon-based nanomaterials for energy storage, specially supercapacitors. Carbon-based materials and conducting polymers (ie; Polypyrrole and Polyaniline) are considered the most promising candidates for capacitive materials, as they offer high charging capacity through diverse mechanisms. Among these carbon-based materials are nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) films, which were widely studied during the past decades due to their special features like; short-range sp3 bonded carbon atoms and large surface to volume ratio. Artificial fabrication of NCD films was developed using various techniques like; high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT), chemical vapor deposition, plasma-discharge-stimulated, laser ablation,hot-filament technique,, and coaxial arc plasma deposition. Although carbon-based nanomaterials display good stability in energy storage applications, the capacitance values are yet limited by the microstructures within the materials; Therefore, their nanocomposites with conducting polymers provide higher performance and improved properties. This chapter aims to summarize and discuss the recent synthetic developments of nanocrystalline diamond/conducting polymer nanocomposites, and their applications to energy storage and supercapacitor. .

Papers

1.	Sreenath Mylo Valappil, Abdelrahman Zkria, Shinya Ohmagari, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Overcoming the impact of post-annealing on uniformity of diamond (100) Schottky barrier diodes through corrosion-resistant nanocarbon ohmic contacts, Materials Research Express, Volume 9 Issue 11 Pages 115901, 2023.07.
2.	Lama Osman, Ali M Ali, Abdelrahman Zkria, Hiroshi Naragino, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Adhesion of nanodiamond composite films on Ti substrates at room temperature via hybrid ion etching gun and coaxial arc plasma deposition , Applied Physics Express, 15, 115004 , 2022.10, It has been extremely difficult for nanodiamond composite (NDC) films to be deposited on Ti due to a large thermal expansion coefficient difference. The native oxide layer on Ti is another problem preventing the appropriate adhesion of NDC films and subsequent delamination. In this work, innovative room temperature adhesion of 3 μm NDC films with 54 GPa hardness on Ti substrates was accomplished via a hybrid system of ion etching gun and coaxial arc plasma deposition (CAPD). Ar+ plasma etching is capable to terminate the superficial TiO 2 layer and manipulates substrate morphology during CAPD provides instantaneous deposition of NDC films at room temperature. .
3.	Eslam Abubakr, Shinya Ohmagari, Abdelrahman Zkria, Hiroshi Ikenoue, Julien Pernot, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Formation of p-n+ diamond homojunctions by shallow doping of phosphorus through liquid emersion excimer laser irradiation, Materials Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2022.2083457, 2022.06.
4.	Eslam Abubak, ShinyaOhmagar, Abdelrahman Zkria, Hiroshi Ikenoue, and Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Laser-induced novel ohmic contact formation for effective charge collection in diamond detectors, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106370, 2022.03, In this study, we employed an authentic process for the device fabrication of diamond detectors, wherein thin, highly conductive surface layers were processed in bulk diamond substrate using a nanosecond-pulsed excimer laser with liquid-immersion irradiation. The incorporation of high-concentration phosphorus dopants at 40 nm under the irradiated surface characterized the irradiated areas with much lower electrical resistivity, which was adequate for demonstrating ohmic contacts even with the tungsten probe heads at room temperature..
5.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Mohamed Egiza, Ariful Haque, Eslam Abubakr, Jagdish Narayan, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Structural evolution of laser-irradiated ultrananocrystalline diamond/amorphous carbon composite films prepared by coaxial arc plasma, Applied Physics Express, DOI 10.35848/1882-0786/abb871, Applied Physics Express, Volume 13, Number 10, 2020.06.
6.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Mohamed Egiza, Ariful Haque, Eslam Abubakr, Jagdish Narayan, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Structural evolution of laser-irradiated ultrananocrystalline diamond/amorphous carbon composite films prepared by coaxial arc plasma, Applied Physics Express, DOI 10.35848/1882-0786/abb871, Applied Physics Express, Volume 13, Number 10, 2020.06, Ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon films were synthesized by coaxial arc plasma deposition. The morphological and structural evolutions of the films driven by laser irradiation (ArF, 193 nm, 20 ns) are examined at different laser energies (0.4–1 J cm−2). Up on laser irradiation, the films revealed hydrogen effusions accompanied by the transformation of sp3 into sp2-hybridization carbon. However, the film irradiated at 0.8 J cm−2 exhibited higher sp3 fractions, which can be attributed to that: a specific value of laser energy density (0.8 J cm−2) can provide a suitable amount of heating that is enough to quench the film and increase the sp3 contents. .
7.	Eslam Abubakr, Abdelrahman Zkria, Shinya Ohmagari, Yu̅ki Katamune, Hiroshi Ikenoue, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake , Laser-induced phosphorus-doped conductive layer formation on single-crystal diamond surfaces, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18435, 2020.12.
8.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Mahmoud Shaban, Eslam Abubakr, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Impedance spectroscopy analysis of n-type (nitrogen-doped) ultrananocrystalline diamond/p-type Si heterojunction diodes, Physica Scripta, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/aba97e, 95, 9, 2020.09, Heterojunction diodes are constructed by growing n-type (nitrogen-doped) ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD)/hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) composite films onto p-type Si substrates in nitrogen and hydrogen mixed-gases by coaxial arc plasma deposition. The fabricated heterojunctions are analyzed regarding their film morphology and electrical properties. The complex structure of UNCD/a-C:H films, which consists of nano-sized-sp3 diamond grains and sp2-grain boundaries (GBs), makes it difficult to separate their contribution to electrical conductivity of the films using conventional characterization methods. In this paper we characterize the n-type UNCD/p-type Si heterojunction diode by employing impedance spectroscopy method, which can isolate the differing components that contribute to the overall conductivity of the film. The impedance spectroscopy is measured in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 2 MHz, with AC small signal superimpose on DC bias voltage in the range of 0–1 V. The influence of the bias on UNCD grains and GBs contribution to resistance and capacitance of UNCD/a-C:H film and n-UNCD/p-Si heterojunction is investigated by equivalent circuit model using fitting of the impedance data. The results revealed that the electrical conductivity is mainly controlled by the GBs rather than the UNCD grains. Furthermore, the extracted value of dielectric constant of N-doped UNCD/a-C:H film is found to be comparable with that of microcrystalline diamond, which indicates the capacitance contribution in the device is mainly originated from the UNCD grains. This study demonstrates capability of impedance spectroscopy to provide an obvious separated contribution of sp3 and sp2 bonded carbons to the electrical conductivity in their coexistence materials. .
9.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Ariful Haque, Mohamed Egiza, Eslam Abubakr, Koki Murasawa, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Jagdish Narayan, Laser-induced structure transition of diamond-like carbon coated on cemented carbide and formation of reduced graphene oxide, MRS Communications, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.88, 1-6, 2019.07, We report on the structural evolution of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films by the nanosecond pulsed laser annealing process. DLC film is coated on cemented carbide (WC-Co) by cathodic arc ion plating, which is then annealed by ArF laser (193 nm, 20 ns) at different laser fluences (0.9–1.7 J/cm2). Upon laser annealing, Raman spectra divulge higher sp3 fractions accompanied by a blue shift in the G-peak position, which indicates the changes of sp2 sites from rings to chains. At higher fluence (>1.2 J/cm2), the film converts into reduced graphene oxide confirmed by its Raman-active vibrational modes: D, G, and 2D. .
10.	Eslam Abubakr, Abdelrahman Zkria, Yūki Katamune, Shinya Ohmagari, Kaname Imokawa, Hiroshi Ikenoue, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Formation of low resistivity layers on singlecrystalline diamond by excimer laser irradiation, Diamond and Related Materials, 10.1016/j.diamond.2019.04.013, 95, 166-173, 2019.05, A singlecrystalline diamond (100)(Ib) plate immersed in 2% boric acid was irradiated by 193-nm ArF excimer laser beams for the formation of conductive layers on the surface of an insulating diamond substrate. From current-voltage measurements of the irradiated areas, it was confirmed that semiconducting layers with high conductivities are formed on the diamond surface. It was possible to form ohmic contacts by directly touching tungsten probes with the layer surface. Since Raman spectra exhibited only peaks due to diamond and no peaks due to amorphous carbon, the drastically enhanced conductivity is not attributed to amorphous carbon formation but due to the incorporation of boron atoms into the diamond subsurface from the dopant acid. Secondary ion mass spectrometric depth profile showed the incorporation of boron atoms up to 40 nm depths from the surface. From cathodoluminescence measurements at low temperatures, it was difficult to detect clear peaks for the substitutional incorporation of boron atoms into diamond lattices, which could be attributed to the small thickness of the doped layer for detection. The proposed technique is a new potential method for shallow doping and formation of conductive layers on singlecrystalline diamond surfaces. .
11.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Fouad Abdel-Wahab, Yuki Katamune, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake , Optical and structural characterization of ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films deposited via coaxial arc plasma, Current Applied Physics , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2018.11.012, 2019.02, [URL], Ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films were deposited in the ambient of hydrogen by coaxial arc plasma deposition. The film compositions and chemical bonding structures were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoemission and hydrogen forward scattering spectroscopies. The sp3/(sp2+sp3) ratio and hydrogen content in the film were estimated to be 64% and 35 at.%, respectively. The optical parameters and the optical dispersion profile were determined by using a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer at 55°, 65° and 75° angle of incidence in the photon energy range of 0.9–5 eV. Combinations of multiple Gaussian, and Tauc-Lorentz or Cody-Lorentz dispersion functions are used to reproduce the experimental data. Results of ellipsometry showed a refractive index of approximately 2.05 (at 2eV) and optical band gap of 1.63 eV. The imaginary part of dielectric function exhibited a peak at 3.8 eV, which has assigned to π-π* electron transitions. Furthermore, Electron spin resonance measurements implied the existence of dangling bonds, which might have a partial contribution to the optical absorption properties of the deposited films. A correlation between optical parameters and structural profile of the deposited films is discussed. .
12.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics and ultraviolet light detection of heterojunction diodes comprising n-type ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films and p-type silicon substrates, Japanese journal of applied physics , DOI 10.7567/JJAP.56.07KD04, 2017.07, Heterojunction diodes comprising poorly (1 at. %) nitrogen-doped n-type ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite (UNCD/a-C:H) films and p-type Si substrates were prepared in nitrogen and hydrogen mixed gas atmosphere by coaxial arc plasma deposition. Dark current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics were studied in the temperature range of 200–400 K, in order to investigate the current transport mechanism through the fabricated heterojunctions. The temperature dependence of the ideality factor and reverse saturation current reveals that carrier transport predominantly occurs in the generation–recombination mechanism and, at low temperatures, it accompanies tunneling via weak traps. The heterojunctions surely exhibited photodetection for 254 nm ultraviolet light illumination. It is expected that photocarriers will be generated at UNCD grains and transported through an a-C:H matrix..
13.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Hiroki Gima, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Application of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films for ultraviolet detection, Applied Physics A: Solids and Surfaces, 10.1007/s00339-017-0798-4, 123, 3, 2017.03, Nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon (UNCD/a-C:H) films were grown by coaxial arc plasma deposition in the ambient of nitrogen and hydrogen mixed gases. Synthesized films were structurally investigated by X-ray photoemission and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. A heterojunction with p-type Si substrate was fabricated to study the ultraviolet photodetection properties of the film. Capacitance–voltage measurements assure the expansion of a depletion region into the film side. Current–voltage curves in the dark showed a good rectifying behaviour in the bias voltages range between ±5 V. Under 254 nm monochromatic light, the heterojunction shows a capability of deep ultraviolet light detection, which can be attribute to the existence of UNCD grains. As the diode was cooled from 300 K down to 150 K, the detectivity has a notable … .
14.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Hiroki Gima, Mahmoud Shaban, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, Electrical characteristics of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films prepared by coaxial arc plasma deposition, Applied Physics Express, DOI 10.7567/APEX.8.095101, 2015.08, Nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite (UNCD/aC: H) films were synthesized in nitrogen and hydrogen mixed gas atmospheres by coaxial arc plasma deposition. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity implies that carriers are transported in hopping conduction. Heterojunctions comprising 3 at.% nitrogen-doped films and p-Si substrates exhibited a typical rectifying action. The expansion of a depletion region into the film side was confirmed from the capacitance–voltage characteristics, and the built-in potential and carrier concentration were estimated to be 0.51 eV and 7.5× 10 16 cm− 3, respectively. It was experimentally demonstrated that nitrogen-doped UNCD/aC: H is applicable as an n-type semiconductor. .

Presentations

1.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Application of laser-induce doping for singlecrystalline diamond, Material Research Society (MRS), 2019.11, [URL].
2.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Thermal stability of nanodiamond composite films prepared by arc plasma deposition method, International Thin Films Conference (TACT 2021) Taipei, Taiwan, 2021.11, [URL].
3.	Abdelrahman Zkria, Structural evolution of nanostructure carbon films by ultrafast pulsed laser annealing, 30th International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials, 2019.09, [URL].

Duties of education in safety training for international students at Yoshitake's group, Kyushu Univrsity

Teaching duties for the students of the E-JUST, Egypt, following classes:

• Introduction to Nanotechnology
• Nanomaterials in Chemical Engineering
• Selected topics in Energy Materials
• Scientific writing for postgraduate students.

Co-supervising Master’s and Ph.D. students (Total of 7 students), as follows:

• Eng. Joshua Anani (MSc. student) “Effective self-healing Coating Materials for Anti-Corrosion Application”
• Eng. Ndabezinhle Dube (MSc student), “Extraction of bio-based Carbon Materials for a Sustainable Application”
• Eng. Uko Lydia Chile (MSc student), “Fabrication of Self-healing Material for Metals’ Corrosion"
• Eng. Maud Fuko (MSc student), “Modified polymeric membrane fabrication for water distillation”
• Eng. Mostafa Sayed (Ph.D. student) “Fabrication of Eco-friendly Superhydrophobic Membrane for Distillation”
• Eng. Dina Mamdouh (MSc student) “A Novel Design of a Microreactor and Its Applications in Mass Transfer Operations”
• Eng. Wisdom Kwame (MSc student) “Synthesis and evaluation of nanoparticles for application in enhanced oil recovery”

* Promotion of the international cooperation between Kyushu University and Egypt-Japan University for Science and Technology (E-JUST) supported by JICA [2020-2024]
>> Main activities are including the development of the project education program, matching E-JUST Ph.D. students with the Japanese host laboratory at Kyushu University, duties of co-supervision and teaching of E-JUST students, and planning and managing interdisciplinary research between the two parties.

* Initiate the collaboration with National Taiwan University under Researcher Network Formation Promotion Program with Candidate Universities for Strategic Partnership [2023-2024]
>> With the aim to further strengthen relations with the leading universities in Asia, Kyushu provides support for exchange plans. Under this theme, our group initiates a research network with the Department of Materials Science & Engineering at National Taiwan University.

* Initiate the collaboration with Qatar University under the Qatar-Japan Research Collaboration program (QJRC-2) [2023-2024]
>> Qatar-Japan Research Collaboration program (cycle 2), funded by Marubeni, brings together Qatar University and Japanese Universities to collaborate on research topics of mutual interest and develop high-quality, high-impact outcomes and prototypes that benefit both parties. We secured the grant for establishing collaborative research with the Department of Chemistry at Qatar University. .