Kyushu University Academic Staff Educational and Research Activities Database
List of Presentations
Hisako Nomura Last modified date:2023.11.27

Associate Professor / Attached Promotive Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture / Faculty of Agriculture


Presentations
1. Nien Chan Nguyen, Tamon Baba, Hisako Nomura, Kasumi Ito, Household Income Diversity of Small-scale Cassava Producers in Vietnam , The 14th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2023.03.
2. Kasumi Ito, Tamon Baba, Hisako Nomura, Tha Than, Srean Pao, Potential of Small-scale Producers for Sustainable Cassava Production in Cambodia: An Analysis of Income Diversity of Cambodian Cassava Farmers , The 14th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2023.03.
3. Hisako Nomura, Gan Lin, Hamed Arif, and Suguru Osaki , Smart agriculture - its profit efficiency and optimal farm size: The case of eggplant production in Japan, The 11th Asian Society for Agricultural Economics, 2023.03.
4. Sovannara Moun,Hisako Nomura,Tamon Baba,Tha Than,Kasumi Ito,Pao Srean, Experimental Study of Extension Impact on Farmers’ KAP1 towards Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Disease Prevention in Cambodia, The 12th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2021.03.
5. Kasumi Ito,Aya Nakatani,Tamon Baba,Hisako Nomura,Tha Than,Pao Srean, Status of Production and Distribution Channel of Cassava in Cambodia: Future Prospects for Sustainable Production, The 12th ICERD conference, 2021.03.
6. Truc Nguyen Nguy XUAN, Hisako NOMURA, Nien Chau NGUYEN, Tamon BABA, Kasumi ITO, Yoshifumi Takahashi, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Improvements may help Prevent Cassava Mosaic Disease and affect Farmers Willingness to pay for Healthy Seedlings in Dong Nai, Vietnam, The 11th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2020.03, [URL], In recent years, Vietnam has continued to increase production of cassava, a cash crop, and has become the world's seventh largest cassava exporter in 2017. In addition, cassava is the third most important staple food after rice and corn in Vietnam. However, cassava is facing a serious problem with Witches’ broom as well as SLCMD (Sri Lankan cassava mosaic disease) in which the starch content of cassava decreases due to atrophy of the strain upon onset of disease. As of May 2019, damage to the cassava planted area has been confirmed in a wide range of 39,000 ha in 13 provinces in Vietnam and the disease continues spreading in surrounding countries. To prevent further spread of the disease, SLCMD has no clear prescription, and so far there is no remedy other than pulling out and incinerating the infected strain. Therefore, it is urgent to disseminate SLCMD infection prevention measures. In addition, as the damage is widespread, it is necessary to find efficient and effective measures to prevent the spread of SLCMD infection.
Although in case of urgent information dissemination to prevent further infection in the region, there was no evidence on which media is more effective on the change of people’s knowledge, attitude and practice (1KAP). This is to examine for the first time extension impact on farmers’ KAP. The first KAP survey was conducted from July to August 2018, targeting 312 producers who grew cassava from 2016/2017 to 2018, in two districts in Dong Nai Province, Vietnam. Experimental units are allocated into three groups by the random sampling method so that there is no significant difference in the variables of gender, age, years of education, and years of cassava cultivation experience, knowledge, and willingness to pay for certified healthy seedlings for these subjects. The intervention was performed from December 2018 to January 2019. For the 1st treatment group, the investigators distributed posters for each household. A workshop was held and posters were distributed to the 2nd treatment groups. In the posters and slides of the workshop, in addition to pest control based on the viewpoints of pathology and biological control, knowledge, awareness and practices that farmers lacked revealed in the first KAP survey. Finally, from February to March 2019, a second KAP survey was conducted on these surveyed persons to investigate changes in knowledge and awareness regarding pest control, practices, and willingness to pay for healthy seedlings. In the analysis, t test was being conducted.
The results show that the dissemination of information by poster is an effective way to improve farmers' knowledge, improve their attitudes to prevent the spread of pests and diseases, and promote sustainable practices. Policy implication is that we could maneuver distribution of posters effectively to save cost of information dissemination as information dissemination by poster is being proven to be more effective than that by workshop..
7. Baba TAMON, Nien Chau NGUYEN, Nomura HISAKO, and Ito KASUMI, The Possibility of Healthy Cassava Seeds Production in Cambodia, The 11th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2020.03.
8. Nien Chau NGUYEN, Baba TAMON, Nomura HISAKO, and Ito KASUMI, Movement of Cassava Stems and Willingness to pay for Clean Seedlings in Vietnam, The 11th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2020.03, Cassava is one of the three most important food crops in Vietnam with 532,600 ha cultivated area, annual average yield of 18.8 ton per hectare and fresh root production exceeding 10.27 million tons (GSO, 2018). The southern region is a main cassava production of Vietnam, thus various cassava varieties has been selected and introduced in this region. Cassava producers could maintain cassava stems from previous crops or they could buy those from government organizations or private sectors. In order to minimize the influence of CMD and to prevent future outbreak of other disease, it is necessary to clarify distribution channel of stem and discuss possibility of clean stems/ or seedlings business.
Semi-structured interview based on questionnaire form was conducted in three main cassava production provinces in southern Vietnam including Dong Nai, Gia Lai and Tay Ninh. The study involved 182 cassava producers who were randomly selected for the interview. The status cassava varieties, purchase, and movement of cassava stems were interviewed. In addition, willingness of producers to pay for clean cassava seedlings had focused to clarify the potential use of the clean one.
The results showed that 72.53% producers used cassava stems from previous crop, whereas 27.47% producers were bought cassava stems from different suppliers. The suppliers were government organization (2%), neighbor and their relatives (29%) and middlemen (20%). 82.6% cassava producers knew varieties name, the rest was unclear varieties name. The most planted cassava varieties in southern Vietnam were including KM140 (22.0%), KM325 (12.5%), KM419 (35.9%), KM94 (13.0%), KM98-5 (4.9%). Some other cassava varieties were rarely used such as KM96 (0.5%), KM98 (1.1%), KM95 (2.2%), KM505 (0.5%). When concerning about willingness to pay for clean seedlings, 65.93% producers approved with price of 23,500 VND (~1$) for 20 stems; however, 28.02% producers disapproved for clean seedlings and 6.04% of that wanted to receive more information about clean one before giving their decision..
9. Ito KASUMI, Nien Chau NGUYEN, Baba TAMON, Nomura HISAKO, Current Status and Future Prospects for Cassava Business in Cambodia: From a Perspective of Distribution Channel, The 11th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development, 2020.03.
10. Significance and Issues of JICA Development Studies Program and International Graduate Programs for Universities.
11. Nou YANG, Yoshifumi TAKAHASHI, Hisako NOMURA, Mitsuyasu YABE, Analyzing tourists’ preference for ecotourism specifically wildlife conservation at Nam Et Phoulouey , Laos, 2019.01.
12. Dai Vuong QUACH, Yoshifumi TAKAHASHI, Hisako NOMURA, Mitsuyasu YABE, INORGANIC FERTILIZER USE IN RICE SECTOR IN VIETNAM, 2019.01.
13. Nguyen Nguy Xuan TRUC, Yoshifumi TAKAHASHI, Hisako NOMURA, Mitsuyasu YABE, DETERMINANTS OF FARMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO ADOPT HEALTHY CASSAVA SEEDLING AND NEW PRACTICES IN DONGNAI, VIETNAM, 2019.01.
14. Nien Chau Nguyen(Nong Lam University), isako Nomura(Kyushu University), Tamon Baba(Kyushu University), Kasumi Ito(Nagoya University), Analysis on cassava production in Vietnam-a complete modelling for clarifying most effect factors of the yield-, 日本国際地域学会, 2018.12.
15. Mapping spatial distribution of household groups vulnerable to deforestation and selective cutting in NTFP collections

[in Japanese]

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16. 野村久子, 浜野充, 伊藤香純, カンボジア米蒸留酒造の生産分析 ―収益性とその要因分析―, 国際開発学会, 2017.12.
17. Hisako Nomura, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Payment for Ecosystem Services – a market-based mechanism designed to encourage the conservation of biodiversity and other natural resources in case of Aso, Gender Summit 10 Satellite Conference in Okinawa, 2017.05, It is becoming more difficult to maintain environmental public goods such as rural landscapes and the ecological systems that exist within them. Therefore, to maintain the cultural landscape in agricultural regions and pass this inheritance on to future generations, it is essential to create a mechanism whereby we can identify the beneficiaries and find ways to generate the funds necessary to reimburse those who provide cultural environmental benefits. This view reflects the concept of payment for ecosystem services (PES), which is a payment made to farmers or landowners who provide ecological services through having agreed to take certain actions to manage natural resources such as their land.
This study focuses the way to effectively generates funds based on the monetary value of green goods estimated as people’s Willingness to Pay for conservation or management activities through promoting convenience. We apply Kotchen’s impure public goods to internalize donations for public goods to private goods. An impure public good is a privately acquired activity that jointly produces a public and a private good. Then we sold such impure public goods as green goods. We use the Kotchen’s equilibrium model to illustrate our setup for establishing our hypothesis of our experimental setup. Provided that when certain conditions are met for the model, the utility of green goods increases compared to that of conventional goods. Therefore, we test a hypothesis questioning whether a complementary private and public good reduces the total amount sold when the total price is increased by adding an amount representing a donation to the sale price of the private good. We used a questionnaire to determine consumers’ WTP and sold the confectionery with a donation in Aso, Kyushu Japan. We confirmed that the price increase did not cause the decrease in the sale amount of the confectionery and this wide and thin approach is a valid fund-raising method for grassland regeneration..
18. Masuda Begum Sampa, Hisako Nomura, Yoshifumi Takahashi, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Investigating Psychological Factors and Socio-Demographic characteristics that may influence ‘ETHICAL CONSUMPTION’ in Japan, The International Joint Symposium between Japan and Korea (AFELiSA), 2016.11, In recent years, interest in environmental, social, regional issues and different complexity of the entire food supply chain is increasing around the world which led to certify the quality of food products as “ethical” such as free range chicken, fair traded banana, organic products and purchase locally produced at the farmer’s market in the regional or rural areas. Though the term ethical is not so familiar in Japan now but individuals between age 30 and 39 are recently interested in the concept of “ethical” and about 50% consumers consider product’s ethical attributes when making their purchasing decision. The Japanese government and industry have already taken initiative to address many of the ecological effects of consumption and to focus marketing efforts on locally made and environmentally friendly products. Understanding ethical consumption behavior is key to promoting ethical markets, however, there is a lack of research to investigate consumer’s psychological intention to purchase ethical products. Thus, the main aim of this study is to investigate influence of main psychological factors and socio-demographic characteristics on ethical consumption to provide policy implications to promote the ethical market further. The theory of planned behaviour theory and Hirose two-phase decision making model for pro-environmental behaviour acts as the major informer to develop research hypotheses. We conducted on line questionnaire survey in Japan to collect data (n=1100). By analyzing data through structural equation modeling using AMOS22.0 for comparing three most important ethical issues: environmental consideration, locally produced product and biodiversity conservation respectively, we find that attitude towards ethical products is the most important predictor of actually purchase ethical products and it has direct positive effect on actual purchase. Secondly, perceived effectiveness such as they believe their action can make a difference and social norm comprised of both subject norm and moral norm positively and significantly influenced attitude. Thus, it is important to cultivate the positive attitudes, perceived effectiveness and social norm of consumers who have not realized the importance of ethical consumption. On the other hand, feeling of cost side and inconvenience side of ethical products negatively influenced WTP, which is an immediate antecedent of actual purchase. Thus, it is important to incorporate efforts to reduce consumer’s sense of psychological burden of ethical consumption and to enhance convenience of ethical purchase when one is strategizing for promotion of ethical market in Japan..
19. Xiao Yan, Hisako Nomura, Yoshifumi Takahashi, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Analysis of the socio-economic determinants of indirect users’ willing to pay for preserving the ecosystem in Nasu, The International Joint Symposium between Japan and Korea (AFELiSA), 2016.11, Nasu city is famous for tourism, agriculture and forestry and blessed with an abundance of nature. Every year, about 47millions tourists visit the city. However, in recent years, environmental problems such as decreasing the national endangered species, illegal waste dumping, or water pollution of the river changing the local living environment with depopulation of the area. In order to maintain the beautiful landscape and ecosystem of Nasu city, it is important to set a system for pooling environmental conservation funding. Toward that end, an initial step is to understand which beneficiaries are willing to pay to conserve it. This could help formulating policy to support such conservation system. Thus, this research aims to investigate the socio-economic determinants of cyclers, the indirect user of ecological services, who are willing to pay for preserving the ecosystem in Nasu. In particular, we hypothesized that WTP of cyclers increases when they feel more of these use-value associated with cycling. On the other hand, non-use value such as option value and heritage value are not major drive for cyclers’ WTP for conservation. We applied Grouped-data regression to estimate the amount of payment for conservation.
The results of this research shows that WTP for conserving ecological services in Nasu is higher when cyclers’ visit to Nasu more often with cycling purpose, their initial interest to cycling was socialization with family and friends, their preference to stay at hotel which provides dinner with locally sourced ingredients and also has a cycling rack, and with appreciation of the importance of landscape during cycling. On the other hand, in general, appreciation towards non-use values with awareness of ecological services such as water resource conservation, habitats for animals and plants did not contribute to higher WTP. Also, if cyclers also had factor attributes that they appreciate non-use values, their WTP was higher. From these results, we can conclude that in order to effectively collect conservation funding from cyclers who appreciate use-value of Nasu, we can put more efforts to increase the value of both direct value and indirect use-value associated with cycling in Nasu. This study can also contributes the discussion to promote the environmental conservation system..
20. Le Thi Thanh Loan, Yoshifumi Takahashi, Hisako Nomura, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Determinants of home composting behavior: empirical evidence from Hoi An, Vietnam, The International Joint Symposium between Japan and Korea (AFELiSA), 2016.11, In terms of sustainable waste reduction strategies, home composting is productive option for the treatment of municipal organic waste (MOW) (included food waste and garden waste) at source which has been recognized with many benefits such as reducing pressure on landfills, minimizing garbage collection and transportation costs, and producing a product with intrinsic value by improving soil structure and fertility. Previous researchs have been considered home composting behavior with the objective to determine the factors affecting the decisions of composter group and non-composter group. We examine a unique, using a two stage estimation procedure of home composting behavior which combining the discrete and continuous aspects of MOW treatment at source decisions. In the initial stage, the residents decide whether or not to be a composter. The second stage then involves a decision about how often they practice home composting MOW.
In this research, 202 household samples were approached in the two rural areas of Hoi An city, Vietnam. Among the samples, about 47% of respondents answered they never practice composting. The rest are composters with frequence of making compost, including rarely (6.4%), moderate (21.3%), frequent (14.9%), and most frequent (10.4%). The empirical results showed that the decision of dealing with home composting was determined by composting knowledge, attitude, interest in gardening, presence of garden, access to information from citizen’s leader group, and participation in compost training. While the frequency of home composting practice was interpreted in terms of composting knowledge, attitude towards composting, and interest in gardening. Beside the implications for policy makers, the missing link of home composting behavior towards sustainable MOW reduction strategy has also discussed in the study..
21. Hisako Nomura, Jiayan Huang, Yoshifumi Takahashi, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Economic analysis of walkers’ attitudes towards grassland conservation of Akiyoshidai Karst Plateau, he Sixth Congress of the East Asian Association of Environmental and Resource Economics (EAAERE), 2016.08, Akiyoshidai Karst Tableland is the largest limestone plateau in Japan. It is located in the western Yamaguchi prefecture. With the development of the unique karst terrain, and its widely known academic value and its popularity to visit for leisure, the main part has become an Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park. Also, many indigenous plants which are endangered in Japan exist there.
Grassland of Akiyoshidai which has been used as a meadow or cultivation land is a secondary nature, and it has been maintained by the hands of the local people. Even today some farmers around Akiyoshidai are using the wild grass as green manure now. Akiyoshidai grassland therefore has been providing environmental services such as functions of biodiversity conservation, economic generation to the rural economy through tourism, education through nature leaning for next generations, and traditional dyeing culture using natural grasses.
With the reduction of the grassland area in last decades and aging and lack of successor of the local people who are involved in conservation, however grassland requires a sustainable conservation mechanism urgently in order to maintain the grassland and to raise the local successor for conservation activities. As previous studies until now only assess the value of grassland, research to promote practical solution to conservation is necessary.
The purpose of this study, in light of the current situation of Akiyoshidai, is to propose measures for the maintenance and inheritance of Akiyoshidai grassland. For this reason, we suggest the local government to establish Akiyoshidai grassland conservation fund, in particular, as the target participants of high karst walk who are likely to make a donation. Therefore, first, we determine factors influencing donation amount from characteristics of people who already enjoy Akiyoshidai walk. In addition, clarification of the relationship between the respondents’ attributes and willingness to pay could help us obtain useful suggestions for future fund-raising activities.
We conducted the questionnaire survey on 25th October, 2015 to the karst walk participants. We provided 449 questionnaires and recovered 437 copies (return rate of 97.3%). The results show that the average WTP is 460 yen (approximately 4 USD), and median WTP was 397 JPY (approximately 3.5 USD). For the implication of future fund-raising activities, we found expected fund-raising amount was estimated in this study can satisfy the mowing expenses to 74%. On the other hand, if people think strongly that grassland decrease can be avoided strongly, willingness to pay increases. In this case, sufficiency rate by the fund-raising can reach to the 95%. Therefore, we concluded that clear publicities of the conservation measures and also their outcomes, as well as reinforcement of conservation activities could contribute to the conservation of Akiyoshidai Karst Tableland..
22. Le Thi Thanh Loan, Hisako Nomura, Yoshifumi Takahashi, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Factors influencing future intention of municipal organic waste separation at source: the case study in Hoi An city, Vietnam, The 3R International Scientific Conference on Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2016.03, By using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the present study investigated the factors influencing households’ behaviors toward the MOW-SAS program. Main findings from SEM model suggested attitude is a major predictor to households’ recycling behaviors..
23. Jiayan Huang, Hisako Nomura, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Use of agricultural resources and tourism resources in Akiyoshidai grassland area-current status and the issue of regeneration, International Symposium on Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Life Sciences in Asia, 2015.11.
24. Hisako Nomura, Masuda Begum Sampa, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Latent preferences and valuation of health walk on footpath in UK,' , Taipei, Taiwan, 2015.08.07, East Asian Environmental Resource Economics Association, 2015.08, Footpath has been recognized as an important element to promote healthy green tourism in the rural areas. We estimated the value of footpath according to attributes of footpath determined by people's latent preferences using the Choice Modeling..
25. Thi Mar Win, Hisako Nomura, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Resource Use and Technical Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Maize Farmers in Myanmar, Asian Development Bank International Seminar, 2015.06, Investigating the potential of increasing agricultural production through the improvement in the level of technical efficiency is necessary to improve the farm output. This study evaluated the technical efficiency of hybrid maize farmers in Myanmar..
26. Phouthivong Khamsay, Hisako Nomura, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Tourists’ Preferences for Eco-Friendly Services Related to River Conservation of Hotel Industry: A Case Study of Namxong River in Vangvieng District, Laos, International Conference on Social Sciences, 2015.06.
27. Yalin Yuan, Hisako Nomura, Yoshifumi TAKAHASHI, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Model of Household Kitchen Waste Separation Behavior: A Case Study of Beijing, International Conference on Social Sciences and Psychology, 2015.06.
28. Analyzing deforestation impacts on fuelwood and non-timber forest product collection for local people in Cambodia
[in Japanese].
29. Hisako Nomura, Mitsuyasu Yabe, Private Provision of Environmental Public Goods: A Pilot Program for Agricultural Heritage Conservation, The 1st Conference of East Asia Research Association for Agricultural Heritage Systems (ERAHS), 2014.04, While the true value of environmental goods may be captured in a one-off payment, it may be easier to add a smaller amount to a private good by means of donation and collect the total environmental value over time. For that, however we need to ensure the smaller amount of a heritage conservation donation added to a private good is adequate so that we can find retailers to participate in such fund-raising activities. We test the contingent valuation method’s criterion validity by comparing their stated purchasing behavior with their actual behavior. The price increase from the addition of the donation did not affect total sales of the commodity. Adding a donation to specialized private goods may be an effective way to collect landscape and agricultural heritage conservation donations. Furthermore, our findings suggest that funds can be collected without affecting commodity sales. This approach is effective in other environmental protection activities..
30. Hisako Nomura, Sarah Cotterill, Peter John, The use of feedback to enhance environmental outcomes: a randomised controlled trial of a food waste scheme, Political Studies Association Conference, 2010.03.
31. Hisako Nomura, The Sensitivity Assessment- Determining the Optimal Configurational Multiple Causality, Two Country Joint Research Seminar on The Study of Strategies of Social Change, 2009.09.
32. Graham Smith, Corinne Wales, Peter John, Sarah Cotterill, Gerry Stoker, Hisako Nomura, Measuring the 'deliberative quality' of an online experimental mini-public: methodology and early results, European Consortium for Political Research, 2009.09.
33. Peter John, Patrick J. Sturgis, Graham Smith, Hisako Nomura, Deliberation and Internet Engagement: Initial Findings from a Randomised Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Facilitated Internet Forums, European Consortium for Political Research, 2009.09.
34. Graham Smith, Peter John, Patrick J. Sturgis, Hisako Nomura, Deliberation and internet engagement: initial findings from a randomised controlled trial evaluating the impact of facilitated internet forums, American Political Science Association Conference, 2009.09.
35. Hisako Nomura, Sarah Cotterill, The Use of Feed back to Promote Food Waste Collections, York RCT Conference, 2009.09.
36. Hisako Nomura, Can Online Deliberation Transform Citizens? – Preliminary findings from an internet field experiment in the UK, Conference on Informing Public Policy, 2009.04.
37. Wendy Olsen, Hisako Nomura, Fuzzy Set Approach to Poverty Reduction Compared with Growth Modelling, The RC33 Conference on Social Science Methodology, 2008.08.
38. Wendy Olsen, Hisako Nomura, Poverty Reduction versus Growth Modelling: Methods and Results, Conference on Poverty and Capital, 2007.07.
39. Wendy Olsen, Hisako Nomura, Entailment And Sufficiency in a Time-Series Framework: Configurational versus Regression Techniques, Compasss Intimate Seminars, 2007.02.
40. Hisako Nomura, Wendy Olsen, The Causes of Women's Educational and Labour Market Achievement in a Cross-National Context, Conference on Comparative Social Science, 2006.07.
41. Hisako Nomura, Evaluation of Restored Ecosystem: The Improved Contingent Valuation Method by Removal of Bids Bias, Second International Conference on Environmental Concerns (ICEC): Innovative Technology and Management Options, 2004.10.
42. Hisako Nomura, Agricultural Trade and the Environment –Appraisal of Mitigation Measure as part of the Sustainability Impact Assessment for Trade Liberalisation, Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 2003.09.
43. Hisako Nomura, A Feasibility Analysis of Mitigation Measures for Trade Effects on the Environment as part of the Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) on Trade Liberalisation, Development Studies Association (DSA) Conference, 2003.09.
44. Makoto Ehara, Kimihiko Hyakumura, Hisako Nomura, Toshiya Matsuura, Heng Sokh, Chivin Leng, Identifying households taking maladaptive coping strategies: Case study of deforestation in Cambodia.
45. Hisako Nomura, Deliberation and internet engagement: initial findings from a randomised controlled trial evaluating the impact of facilitated internet forums, Public authorities are increasingly using information and communication
technology (ICT) to engage citizens in the politics, in particular through
internet discussion forums. This paper reports findings from a large-scale
online randomised controlled trail of 6,009 participants that aims to test the
effect of online deliberation on policy preferences. Participants were
randomised between four treatment groups and two control groups. All four
treatment groups were exposed to the same information and participants
were able to post their views. However, in only two of the treatment groups
were participants able to read and respond to the postings of others. The
analysis uses Compliance Average Causal Effects (CACE) models to show the
impact of deliberation. The paper finds that deliberation shifts participants’
views on youth anti-social behaviour, but that participation in online
deliberation tends to reinforce extant political inequalities..